Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Constructing a Representative Diet List
2.2. Planning the Sampling Strategy
2.3. Analysis of THg Concentrations in Seafood
2.4. Seafood Safety Risk Assessment
2.5. Risk-Based Consumption Advisories
2.6. Uncertainty Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. THg and MeHg Concentration in Seafood
3.2. Human Health Risk Assessment
3.3. Risk and Nutrition-Based Recommended Weekly Consumption Advisory
3.4. Comparison of Raw and Cooked Food
3.5. Correlation between Seafood Weight and THg Concentration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Category | Common Name | Hg Concentration (mg/kg) | Converted MeHg Concentration (mg/kg) | EPA+DHA Concentration (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pelagic Fish | Bastard Albacore | 0.48 | 0.45 | 2.300 [39] |
0.400 [5] | ||||
Bigeye Tuna | 0.13 | 0.12 | - | |
Blue Marlin | 0.14 | 0.73 | 12.000 [42] | |
Pacific Sailfish | 0.03 | 0.03 | - | |
Pointed Nose Shark | 0.25 | 0.25 | - | |
Requiem Shark | 0.08 | 0.06 | 2.200 [40] | |
Snake Mackerel | 0.32 | 0.29 | - | |
Swordfish | 0.71 | 0.70 | 5.800 [40] | |
3.200 [5] | ||||
6.930 [44] | ||||
Tribon Blou | 1.68 | 1.22 | - | |
Yellow-fin Tuna | 0.16 | 0.15 | 1.000–1.200 [40] | |
Inshore Fish | Anglerfish | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.700 [44] |
Barracuda | 0.05 | 0.05 | - | |
Black Sea Bream | 0.08 | 0.08 | - | |
Bullet Tuna | 0.10 | 0.09 | - | |
Catfish | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.800 [40] | |
1.900 [44] | ||||
Cod | 0.78 | 0.76 | 2.400 [40] | |
8.300 [5] | ||||
3.000 [45] | ||||
1.860 [44] | ||||
2.620 [8] | ||||
Cutlassfish | 0.06 | 0.06 | - | |
Eel | 0.08 | 0.08 | - | |
Freshwater Eel | 0.06 | 0.06 | - | |
Golden Threadfin Bream | 0.08 | 0.08 | 8.200 [39] | |
Haliubut | 0.13 | 0.13 | - | |
Pike Conger | 0.14 | 0.11 | - | |
Pompano | 0.02 | 0.02 | 2.000 [42] | |
Red Seabream | 0.17 | 0.17 | - | |
Righteye Flounder | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.500 [40] | |
Scat | 0.04 | 0.04 | - | |
Silverfish | 0.16 | 0.16 | 4.100 [5] | |
Skipjack Tuna | 0.13 | 0.12 | 2.560–3.280 [40] | |
Sole | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.920 [44] | |
Stingray | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.690 [44] | |
Sturgeon | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | |
Yellow Seabream | 0.06 | 0.06 | - | |
Other Fish | Barramundi | 0.01 | 0.01 | 4.900 [40] |
4.900 [45] | ||||
Blue Mackerel | 0.08 | 0.07 | 2.752 [46] | |
Butterfish | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | |
Cobia | 0.13 | 0.13 | 6.000 [42] | |
Common Dolphinfish | 0.02 | 0.02 | - | |
Giant Grouper | 0.07 | 0.07 | - | |
Greater Amberjack | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.200 [5] | |
Japanese Butterfish | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | |
Lizardfish | 0.10 | 0.10 | - | |
Milkfish | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.867 [42] | |
2.000 [5] | ||||
Moonfish | 0.06 | 0.06 | - | |
Oceanic Anchovy | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | |
Orange-Spotted Grouper | 0.06 | 0.06 | 3.500 [39] | |
4.000 [45] | ||||
Round Scad | 0.07 | 0.07 | - | |
Salmon Trout | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.900 [40] | |
8.200 [39] | ||||
21.600 [5] | ||||
25.000 [45] | ||||
15.360 [44] | ||||
4.242 [8] | ||||
Saury | 0.06 | 0.04 | - | |
Sea Cucumber | 0.02 | 0.02 | - | |
Shishamo | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | |
Shrimp Scad | 0.33 | 0.31 | ||
Silver Stripe Round Herring | 0.02 | 0.02 | - | |
Sweet Fish | 0.04 | 0.04 | 7.000 [42] | |
Tilapia | 0 | 0 | 1.600 [42] | |
1.400 [5] | ||||
Tilefish | 0.12 | 0.12 | 5.100 [39] |
Appendix B
Seafood Category | Daily Intake of DHA and EPA a,b,c,d (mg/day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3 Years Old | 4–6 Years Old | 19–49-Year-Old Women | ||||||
Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | |
Pelagic Fish | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 38.9 | 38.9 | 38.9 |
Inshore Fish | 3.7 | 7.5 | 15.0 | 7.5 | 15.0 | 74.7 | 89.7 | 104.6 |
Other Farmed Fish | 512.7 | 414.3 | 223.2 | 892.3 | 739.4 | 968.2 | 597.3 | 214.4 |
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Seafood Category | Common Name (Sample Size) |
---|---|
Pelagic Fish (n = 17) | Bastard Albacore (1), Bigeye Tunny (1), Blue Marlin (2), Marlin (1), Pacific Sailfish (1), Pointed Nose Shark (1), Requiem Shark (1), Snake Mackerel (2), Swordfish (4), Tribon Blou (2), and Yellow-Fin Tuna (1). |
Inshore Fish (n = 35) | Anglerfish (2), Barracuda (3), Bullet Mackerel (1), Catfish (2), Cod (1), Cutlassfish (1), Eel (1), Freshwater Eel (2), Halibut (3), Pike Congers (2), Pompano (1), Red Seabream (2), Righteye Flounder (2), Scat (2), Silverfish (3), Skipjack (2), Stingray (3), Sturgeon (1), and Yellow Seabream (1). |
Other Farmed Fish (n = 47) | Barramundi (3), Blue Mackerel (3), Butterfish (2), Cobia (1), Common Dolphinfish (1), Giant Grouper (2), Golden Threadfin Bream (2), Greater Amberjack (1), Japanese Butterfish (3), Japanese Horse Mackerel (1), Lizardfish (1), Milkfish (4), Moonfish (1), Oceanic Anchovy (1), Orange-Spotted Grouper (4), Round Scad (1), Salmon Trout (1), Saury (2), Sea Cucumber (1), Shishamo (2), Shrimp Scad (2), Silver-Stripe Round Herring (1), Sweet Fish (1), Tilapia (4), and Tilefish (1). |
Shellfish (n = 9) | Babylonia (3), Clam (1), Freshwater Clam (1), Locos (1), Mussel (1), Oyster (1), and Variegate Venus (1). |
Cephalopods (n = 10) | Argentine Shortfin Squid (2), Cuttlefish (1), Jumbo Flying Squid (1), Loligo Squid (1), Octopus (2), and Squid (3). |
Crustaceans (n = 16) | Big Head Shrimp (3), Blue Crab (1), Crayfish (1), Giant River Prawn (1), Grass Shrimp (1), Lobster (2), Pelagic Crab (3), Sakura Shrimp (2), Serrated Crab (1), and Whiteleg Shrimp (1). |
Algae (n = 6) | Eucheuma (1), Gracilaria Seaweed (1), Purple Laver (2), and Sea Tangle (2). |
Seafood Category | Consumption Rates (g/Week) for Various Age Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3 Years Old | 4–6 Years Old | 7–18 Years Old | ≥19 Years Old | 19–49-Year-Old Women | |
Pelagic Fish | LN(9.24, 16.73) a | LN(14.28, 15.68) | LN(19.32, 16.10) | LN(19.95, 16.87) | LN(20.86, 18.34) |
Inshore Fish | LN(31.29, 16.73) | LN(48.30, 15.68) | LN(65.66, 16.10) | LN(67.55, 16.87) | LN(70.84, 18.34) |
Other Farmed Fish | LN(123.90, 16.73) | LN(191.24, 15.68) | LN(259.70, 16.10) | LN(267.40, 16.87) | LN(280.42, 18.34) |
Shellfish | LN(67.13, 16.52) | LN(102.06, 16.03) | LN(83.16, 21.77) | LN(107.45, 22.47) | LN(104.86, 24.36) |
Cephalopods | LN(167.09, 21.14) | LN(371.00, 11.13) | LN(294.49, 16.24) | LN(277.76, 15.82) | LN(322.49, 14.14) |
Crustaceans | LN(149.45, 13.09) | LN(102.83, 24.29) | LN(136.43, 20.86) | LN(107.45, 24.57) | LN(139.23, 19.74) |
Algae | LN(64.05, 30.80) | LN(94.57, 22.12) | LN(90.30, 20.65) | LN(155.82, 22.75) | LN(147.00, 21.35) |
Species | Scientific Name | % MeHg/THg | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Anglerfish | Anglerfish Lophiomus setigerus | 92.5 | [31] |
Cephalopods | Argentine Shortfin Squid Illex argentinus | 81.3 | [32] |
Jumbo Flying Squid Dosidicus gigas | |||
Cuttlefish Sepia Esculenta | 72.8 | [32] | |
Octopus Octopus vulgare | 92 | [37] | |
Cod | Cod Coelorinchus kamoharai | 97.4 | [31] |
Crustaceans | Big Head Shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii | 93 | [33] |
Grass Shrimp Penaeus monodon | |||
Whiteleg Shrimp Sergia lucens | |||
Eel | Freshwater Eel Anguilla luzonensis | 100 | [36] |
Eel Muraenesox cinereus | 83.6 | [32] | |
Flatfish | Sole Cynoglossus arel | 77.3 | [32] |
Hairtail | Cutlassfish Trichiurus nanhaiensis | 99 | [38] |
Silverfish Trichiurus lepturus | |||
Herring | Silver-Stripe Round Herring Spratelloides gracilis | 100 | [38] |
Lizardfish | Lizardfish Saurida tumbil | 100 | [30] |
Marlin | Blue Marlin Makaira nigricans | 84 | [34] |
Pacific Sailfish Istiophorus platypterus | |||
Swordfish Xiphias gladius | 99 | [36] | |
Oilfish | Snake Mackerel Gempylus serpens | 92 | [36] |
Pomfret | Butterfish Pampus echinogaster | 75.4 | [32] |
Pompano | Pompano Parastromateus niger | 94 | [38] |
Salmon | Salmon Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss | 93 | [37] |
Saury | Saury Saurida undosquamis | 75 | [36] |
Shark | Requiem Shark Carcharhinus melanopterus | 73 | [34] |
Tribon Blou Prionace glauca | |||
Shellfish | Oyster Crassostrea gigas | 82 | [33] |
Mussel Perna viridis | 35 | [36] | |
Snapper | Black Sea Bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii | 100 | [38] |
Red Seabream Pagrus major | |||
Yellow Seabream Dentex hypselosomus | |||
Tilapia | Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus | 95 | [35] |
Tuna | Bastard Albacore Thunnus alalunga | 93 | [37] |
Bigeye Tunny Thunnus obesus | |||
Yellow-Fin Tuna Thunnus albacares |
Seafood Categories | Number of Species | Uncooked (Raw) | Cooked (Steam) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Samples | ≥LOQ | THg Concentration (mg/kg) | Number of Samples | ≥LOQ | THg Concentration (mg/kg) | ||||
Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | ||||||
Pelagic Fish | 11 | 17 | 17 | 0.61 ± 0.82 | 0.03–3.16 | 17 | 17 | 0.97 ± 1.30 | 0.05–4.59 |
Inshore Fish | 19 | 35 | 32 | 0.11 ± 0.14 | ND a–0.78 | 35 | 34 | 0.15 ± 0.24 | ND b–1.39 |
Other Farmed Fish | 25 | 47 | 29 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | ND a–0.35 | 47 | 42 | 0.07 ± 0.11 | ND b–0.47 |
Shellfish | 7 | 9 | 3 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | ND a–0.06 | 9 | 6 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | ND b–0.05 |
Cephalopods | 6 | 10 | 5 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | ND a–0.05 | 10 | 10 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.02–0.11 |
Crustaceans | 10 | 16 | 11 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | ND a–0.14 | 16 | 14 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | ND b–0.23 |
Algae | 4 | 6 | 1 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | ND a | 6 | 1 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | ND b–0.01 |
Seafood Category | Weekly Consumption Advisory (g/Week) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3 Years Old | 4–6 Years Old | 19–49-Year-Old Women | ||||||
Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | |
Pelagic Fish | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 |
Inshore Fish | 8.8 | 17.5 | 35.0 | 17.5 | 35.0 | 175.0 | 210.0 | 245.0 |
Other Farmed Fish | 129.2–453.0 | 125.9–366.1 | 119.3–197.3 | 170.1–788.5 | 163.5–653.3 | 120.5–855.5 | 107.3–527.8 | 94.1–189.4 |
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Lin, P.; Nan, F.-H.; Ling, M.-P. Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212227
Lin P, Nan F-H, Ling M-P. Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212227
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Pinpin, Fan-Hua Nan, and Min-Pei Ling. 2021. "Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212227