Predictors of Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications among Current and Ex-Smokers in Australia: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Sampling and Recruitment
2.2. Measures
2.3. Outcome Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Psychosocial Characteristics of Participants
3.3. Adherence to and Pattern of Smoking Cessation Medications Use
3.4. Smoking, Quit Attempt, and Beliefs about Smoking Cessation Medications
3.5. Factors Associated with Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications
4. Discussion
5. Strength and Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FTND | Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence |
DASS | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale |
NRT | Nicotine replacement therapy |
OSSS | Oslo Social Support Scale |
SCM | Smoking cessation medication |
References
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Variables | Adherence n = 201 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No Frequency (%) | Yes Frequency (%) | ||
Age | Median—47 years old | 0.002 * | |
18–55 | 100 (69.4%) | 26 (45.6%) | |
≥56 | 44 (30.6%) | 31 (54.4%) | |
Gender | 0.552 | ||
Female | 100 (69.4%) | 42 (73.7%) | |
Male | 44 (30.6%) | 15 (26.3%) | |
Education level | |||
Completed primary or secondary school | 71 (49.3%) | 28 (49.1%) | 0.981 |
Completed college and above | 73 (50.7%) | 29 (50.9%) | |
Employment status | 0.037 * | ||
Employed | 89 (61.8%) | 26 (45.6%) | |
Unemployed | 55 (38.2%) | 31 (54.4%) | |
Marital status | 0.066 | ||
Married | 60 (41.7%) | 22 (38.7%) | |
Never married | 48 (33.3%) | 12 (21%) | |
Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 36 (25%) | 23 (40.3%) | |
Remoteness | 0.005 * | ||
Major cities of Australia | 116 (80.6%) | 35 (61.4%) | |
Regional and remote Australia | 28 (19.4%) | 22 (38.6%) | |
Socioeconomic disadvantage (SEIFA) | 0.808 | ||
High | 76 (52.8%) | 29 (50.9%) | |
Low | 68 (47.2%) | 28 (49.1) | |
State of residence | 0.088 | ||
New South Wales | 59 (50%) | 10 (17.5%) | |
Victoria | 35 (24.3%) | 17 (29.8%) | |
Queensland | 19 (13.2%) | 15 (26.3%) | |
South Australia | 14 (9.7%) | 8 (14%) | |
Western Australia | 17 (11.81%) | 7 (12.3%) | |
Drinking alcohol | 0.015 * | ||
No | 59 (41%) | 15 (26.3%) | |
Yes | 85 (59%) | 42 (73.7%) | |
Social support | |||
Good social support (OSSS-3 score ≥ 9) | 55 (38.2%) | 43 (75.4%) | 0.001 * |
Poor social support (OSSS-3 score ≤ 8) | 89 (61.8%) | 14 (24.6%) | |
Stress | 0.004 * | ||
No stress (DASS score ≤ 18) | 76 (53.1%) | 43 (75.4%) | |
Had symptoms of stress(DASS score ≥ 19) | 67 (46.9%) | 14 (24.6%) | |
Anxiety | 0.001 * | ||
No anxiety (DASS score ≤ 9) | 64 (44.4%) | 49 (86%) | |
Had symptoms of anxiety (DASS score ≥ 10) | 80 (55.6%) | 8 (14%) | |
Depression | 0.001 * | ||
No depression (DASS score ≤ 12) | 79 (54.9%) | 49 (86%) | |
Had symptoms of depression (DASS score ≥ 13) | 65 (45.1%) | 8 (14%) |
Variables | Adherence n = 201 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No Frequency (%) | Yes Frequency (%) | ||
Level of nicotine dependence | 0.002 * | ||
Low dependence (FTND score ≤ 4) | 98 (68.1%) | 25 (43.9%) | |
Moderate to high dependence (FTND score ≥ 5) | 46 (31.9%) | 32 (56.1%) | |
Ever had quit attempt previously | 0.060 | ||
Yes | 119 (82.6%) | 53 (93%) | |
No | 25 (17.6%) | 4 (7%) | |
Ever used SCMs during a previous quit attempt | 0.003 * | ||
Yes | 83 (69.7%) | 48 (90.6%) | |
No | 36 (30.3) | 5 (9.4%) | |
Type of SCM in the current quit attempt | 0.027 * | ||
NRT | 108 (75%) | 36 (63.2) | |
Varenicline | 22 (15.3%) | 18 (31.5%) | |
Bupropion | 14 (9.7%) | 3 (5.3%) | |
Ever forget to take the SCMs | 0.016 * | ||
Yes | 75 (52.1%) | 19 (33.3%) | |
No | 69 (47.9%) | 38 (66.7%) | |
Believe SCMs are safe | 0.107 | ||
Yes | 100 (69.4%) | 46 (80.7%) | |
No | 44 (30.6%) | 11 (19.3%) | |
Believe SCMs are effective | 0.570 | ||
Yes | 77 (53.5%) | 33 (57.9%) | |
No | 67 (46.5%) | 24 (42.11%) | |
Intentionally missed SCMs | 0.026 * | ||
Yes | 65 (45.1%) | 16 (28.1) | |
No | 79 (54.9%) | 41 (71.9%) | |
Skip SCMs when feeling better | 0.063 | ||
Yes | 84 (58.3%) | 25 (43.9%) | |
No | 60 (41.7%) | 32 (56.1%) | |
Relaps | 0.043 * | ||
Yes | 99 (68.7%) | 30 (52.6%) | |
No | 45 (31.3%) | 27 (47.4%) | |
Experienced sleeping problems since quitting | 0.420 | ||
Yes | 62 (43.1%) | 21 (36.8%) | |
No | 82 (56.9%) | 36 (63.2%) | |
Experienced eating problems since quitting | 0.640 | ||
Yes | 68 (47.2%) | 29 (50.9%) | |
No | 76 (52.8%) | 28 (49.1%) | |
Do physical exercise during the quit attempt | 0.140 | ||
Yes | 67 (46.5%) | 20 (35.1%) | |
No | 77 (53.5%) | 37 (64.9%) | |
Experienced craving since quitting | 0.086 | ||
Yes | 114 (79.2%) | 51 (89.5%) | |
No | 30 (20.8%) | 6 (10.5%) | |
Others smoking inside living home | 0.625 | ||
Yes | 61 (42.4%) | 22 (38.6%) | |
No | 83 (57.6%) | 35 (61.4%) |
Variables | Adherence n = 201 | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No Frequency (%) | Yes Frequency (%) | |||
Age | ||||
18–55 | 100 (69.4%) | 26 (45.6%) | 1 | 1 |
≥56 | 44 (30.6%) | 31 (54.4%) | 2.71 (1.44–5.08) ** | 1.50 (0.47–4.78) |
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 89 (61.8%) | 26 (45.6%) | 0.52 (0.29–0.96) * | 0.92 (0.34–2.49) |
Unemployed | 55 (38.2%) | 31 (54.4%) | 1 | 1 |
Remoteness | ||||
Major cities of Australia | 116 (80.6%) | 35 (61.4%) | 1 | 1 |
Regional and remote Australia | 28 (19.4%) | 22 (38.6%) | 2.60 (1.33–5.11) ** | 1.11 (0.42–2.89) |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
No | 49 (34.1%) | 30 (52.6%) | 2.15 (1.15–4.02)* | 1.16 (0.45–2.98) |
Yes | 95 (65.9%) | 27 (47.4%) | 1 | 1 |
Level of social support | ||||
Good social support | 55 (38.2%) | 43 (75.4%) | 4.97 (2.49–9.91) ** | 3.28 (2.30–6.27)* |
Poor social support | 89 (61.8%) | 14 (24.6%) | 1 | 1 |
Level of stress | ||||
No symptom of stress | 76 (53.1%) | 43 (75.4%) | 2.70 (1.36–5.38) ** | 0.57 (0.17–1.90) |
Symptom of stress | 67 (46.9%) | 14 (24.6%) | 1 | 1 |
Level of anxiety | ||||
No symptom of anxiety | 64 (44.4%) | 49 (86%) | 7.66 (3.38–17.32) ** | 4.41 (3.64–14.68)* |
Symptom of anxiety | 80 (55.6%) | 8 (14%) | 1 | 1 |
Level of depression | ||||
No symptom of depression | 79 (54.9%) | 49 (86%) | 5.04 (2.23–11.39) ** | 1.80 (0.46–7.07) |
Symptom of depression | 65 (45.1%) | 8 (14%) | 1 | 1 |
Level of nicotine dependence | ||||
Low dependence | 98 (68.1%) | 25 (43.9%) | 1 | 1 |
Moderate to high dependence | 46 (31.9%) | 32 (56.1%) | 2.73 (1.45–5.11) ** | 3.53 (1.40–8.95) ** |
Previous SCMs use | ||||
Yes | 83 (69.7%) | 48 (90.6% | 4.16(1.53–11.32) ** | 3.87 (1.11–13.44) * |
No | 36 (30.3) | 5 (9.4%) | 1 | 1 |
Type of SCM used | ||||
NRT | 108 (75%) | 36 (63.2) | ||
Varenicline | 22 (15.3%) | 18 (31.5%) | 2.45 (1.18–5.08) * | 1.48 (0.53–4.13) |
Bupropion | 14 (9.7%) | 3 (5.3%) | 0.64 (0.17–2.36) | 0.24 (0.39–1.49) |
Ever forget to take the SCMs | ||||
Yes | 75 (52.1%) | 19 (33.3%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 69 (47.9%) | 38 (66.7%) | 2.17 (1.15–4.12)* | 1.67 (0.61–4.57) |
Relapse | ||||
Yes | 99 (68.7%) | 30 (52.6%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 45 (31.3%) | 27 (47.4%) | 1.98 (1.05–3.71) * | 2.88 (1.21–6.88) * |
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Mersha, A.G.; Kennedy, M.; Eftekhari, P.; Gould, G.S. Predictors of Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications among Current and Ex-Smokers in Australia: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212225
Mersha AG, Kennedy M, Eftekhari P, Gould GS. Predictors of Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications among Current and Ex-Smokers in Australia: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212225
Chicago/Turabian StyleMersha, Amanual Getnet, Michelle Kennedy, Parivash Eftekhari, and Gillian Sandra Gould. 2021. "Predictors of Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications among Current and Ex-Smokers in Australia: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212225
APA StyleMersha, A. G., Kennedy, M., Eftekhari, P., & Gould, G. S. (2021). Predictors of Adherence to Smoking Cessation Medications among Current and Ex-Smokers in Australia: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 12225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212225