The Association between Physical Activity, Motor Skills and School Readiness in 4–5-Year-Old Children in the Northeast of England
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Demographic and Anthropometric Variables
2.2. Physical Activity
2.3. Motor Skills
2.4. School Readiness
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive and Comparative Analysis
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Recommendations for Policy and Practice
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Areas of Learning | Early Learning Goals |
Prime Areas of Learning | |
Communication and Language | Listening and attention |
Understanding | |
Speaking | |
Physical Development | Moving and handling |
Health and self-care | |
Personal, Social and Emotional Development | Making relationships |
Self-confidence and self-awareness | |
Managing feelings and behaviour | |
Specific Areas of Learning | |
Literacy | Reading |
Writing | |
Mathematics | Numbers |
Shape, space and measure |
Motor-Skill Classification | Good Level of Development | School-Readiness Score (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Achieved a Good Level of Development (%) | Not Achieved a Good Level of Development (%) | ||
Evidence of Motor Delay | 6 (35.3) | 11 (64.7) | 19.3 (4.9) |
Risk of Motor Delay | 18 (66.7) | 9 (33.3) | 23.8 (6.4) |
Normally Developing | 235 (83.6) | 46 (16.4) | 26.3 (5.2) |
Total | SD | Boys (n = 170) | SD | Girls (n = 155) | SD | Sex Differences (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School-Readiness Score | 25.7 | 5.6 | 24.9 | 5.1 | 26.5 | 5.9 | 0.01 |
Physical Activity | (n = 137) | (n = 128) | |||||
SB (min/day) | 261.6 | 45.4 | 256.2 | 46.7 | 267.3 | 43.5 | 0.05 |
LPA (min/day) | 271.6 | 34.0 | 276.1 | 36.9 | 266.8 | 30.1 | 0.03 |
MVPA (min/day) | 99.6 | 23.6 | 104.1 | 24.1 | 94.8 | 22.2 | <0.01 |
VPA (min/day) | 29.0 | 12.1 | 30.7 | 13.3 | 27.2 | 10.6 | 0.02 |
TPA (cpm) | 771.7 | 154.4 | 791.6 | 162.9 | 750.4 | 142.3 | 0.03 |
Wear Time (min/day) | 634.1 | 53.6 | 636.4 | 54.5 | 631.7 | 52.8 | 0.47 |
Motor Skills | (n = 170) | (n = 155) | |||||
Total Motor Skills (1–18) | 10.3 | 2.9 | 10.0 | 2.9 | 10.6 | 2.8 | 0.07 |
Fine Motor (1–18) | 9.8 | 3.1 | 9.5 | 3.2 | 10.2 | 3.0 | 0.04 |
Object Control (1–18) | 9.9 | 2.7 | 10.1 | 2.9 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 0.14 |
Balance (1–18) | 11.1 | 3.2 | 10.5 | 3.1 | 11.7 | 3.2 | <0.01 |
Locomotor (0–48) | 25.9 | 6.6 | 25.2 | 6.7 | 26.7 | 5.9 | 0.03 |
Good Level of Development | School-Readiness Score (r) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Achieved a Good Level of Development Mean (SD) | Not Achieved a Good Level of Development Mean (SD) | Mean Difference | ||
Anthropometric/Demographic | ||||
Age at exposure (years) | 5.0 (0.3) | 4.8 (0.4) | 0.2 ** | 0.24 ** |
Age at outcome (years) | 5.5 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | 0.2 ** | 0.26 ** |
BMI-z | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.1 | −0.02 |
SES | 15,487.8 (10,239.7) | 14,950.7 (10,213.9) | 537.1 | 0.12 * |
Physical Activity | ||||
SB min/day | 263.2 (44.6) | 253.1 (48.5) | 10.1 | 0.18 ** |
LPA min/day | 271.7 (33.3) | 270.6 (35.5) | 1.1 | −0.02 |
MVPA min/day | 100.1 (23.4) | 96.2 (24.2) | 3.9 | −0.07 |
VPA min/day | 29.5 (12.3) | 26.2 (11.2) | −3.3 | −0.01 |
TPA (CPM) | 770.5 (153.6) | 767.1 (160.4) | −3.4 | −0.12 |
Motor Skills | ||||
Total motor (1–19) | 10.6 (2.6) | 9.0 (3.2) | 1.6 ** | 0.26 ** |
Fine (1–19) | 10.0 (2.9) | 8.8 (3.7) | 1.2 * | 0.21 ** |
Object control (1–19) | 10.3 (2.7) | 9.3 (2.7) | 1.0 * | 0.10 |
Balance (1–19) | 11.4 (3.2) | 9.9 (3.3) | 1.5 ** | 0.23 ** |
Locomotor (0–48) | 27.2 (4.8) | 24.0 (5.6) | 3.2 ** | 0.23 ** |
OR | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
MVPA | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.23 |
TPA | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.83 |
SB | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.36 |
Total Motor Skills | 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.47 | <0.01 |
Fine Motor Skills | 1.26 | 1.13 | 1.40 | <0.01 |
Balance Skills | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.30 | <0.01 |
Object-Control skills | 1.14 | 1.02 | 1.28 | 0.02 |
Locomotor Skills | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.19 | <0.01 |
B | SE | β | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MVPA | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.75 | 0.45 |
TPA | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.10 | −1.62 | 0.11 |
SB | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 2.40 | 0.02 |
Total Motor Skills | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 5.47 | <0.01 |
Fine Motor Skills | 0.54 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 5.56 | <0.01 |
Balance Skills | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 3.92 | <0.01 |
Object-Control Skills | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 1.92 | 0.06 |
Locomotor Skills | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 3.48 | <0.01 |
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Jones, D.; Innerd, A.; Giles, E.L.; Azevedo, L.B. The Association between Physical Activity, Motor Skills and School Readiness in 4–5-Year-Old Children in the Northeast of England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211931
Jones D, Innerd A, Giles EL, Azevedo LB. The Association between Physical Activity, Motor Skills and School Readiness in 4–5-Year-Old Children in the Northeast of England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211931
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Dan, Alison Innerd, Emma L. Giles, and Liane B. Azevedo. 2021. "The Association between Physical Activity, Motor Skills and School Readiness in 4–5-Year-Old Children in the Northeast of England" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211931