Positive Behavior Management: Assessment of Rugby Referees in Children Sport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Positive Behavior Management | |||
Indicators | Poor (1,2) | Average (3,4,5) | Good (6,7) |
Expressing expectations | The referee does not present (before the match) his or her expectations regarding the players’ behavior during the game | The referee presents his or her expectations regarding the player behavior before the match, but not understandably or does not enforce them during the game | The referee presents clearly and understandably his or her expectations for players’ behavior before the game and enforces them during the game |
Using preventative officiating | The referee does not attempt to prevent behavioral problems or does not notice the increasing negative climate. | The referee attempts to prevent behavioral problems on the pitch but does this not always or sometimes ineffectively. | The referee always attempts to prevent negative behavior and his or her actions are effective. |
Redirecting negative behavior | The referee does not respond to the negative behavior of the players, and it continues over time | The referee responds to the negative behavior of the players, but his or her actions are not always effective, and the behavioral problems are extended over time. | The referee responds to the negative behavior of the players on an ongoing basis and his or her actions are effective, and the behavioral problems do not last. |
Proficiency | |||
Indicators | Poor (1,2) | Average (3,4,5) | Good (6,7) |
Continuity and flow of a game | The game is not smooth and there are unnecessary interruptions. | The game seems smooth, but there are sometimes unnecessary interruptions. | The game is smooth and there are no unnecessary interruptions. |
Directing players | The game is not well organized, and the players often do not know what to do. | The game is well organized, but there are situations where players do not know what to do. | The game is well organized, and the players always know what to do. |
Referee preparation - knowledge and skills - referee equipment | The referee is not prepared to referee the match, does not have the appropriate uniform and equipment, or there are often situations where he or she seeks consultation or browses game rules. | The referee is prepared to referee the match, but there are occasions when he/her consults or looks into the game rules or does not have all the referee’s equipment. | The referee is well prepared to referee the match, has the appropriate uniform and full refereeing equipment. |
Indicators | Poor | Good |
---|---|---|
Expressing expectations | At no point in the game did the referee express his expectations of desired behavior. | Immediately before the beginning of the match, the referee announced to the players on the pitch that on that day, he expected a player to apologize to his opponent after a foul by shaking their hands. |
Using preventative officiating | A defender pushed an attacker away in the penalty area incorrectly on several occasions during one action. | During a break in play, the referee approaches the player and in a short and subtle conversation, informs him that the next such foul will lead to a more severe penalty. |
Redirecting negative behavior | The referee is ignoring a situation where one player is insulting another, and this has been going on for a long time. | After a foul, the referee calls the fouler to apologize to the fouled person. |
Indicators | Poor | Good |
---|---|---|
Continuity and flow of a game | There are many overly long pauses in the game as the referee walks over to the other referee, asking who last touched the ball before it went out of play. | The game is smooth, and the referee is almost invisible on the field. |
Directing players | After the referee’s whistle, no one puts the ball in play because no one knows why the play was stopped. Coaches yell to their players that there was a foul. | After the referee’s whistle, the players bring the ball into play without unnecessary delay, because everyone knows what the reasons and consequences of the interruption were. |
Referee preparation - knowledge and skills - referee equipment | After a foul that should be punished by a red card, the referee communicates the decision to remove the player from the game verbally because he does not have a red card. The referee officiates the match in plain clothes. The referee blows the whistle to indicate the offense and the coaches scream that this rule no longer applies. | The referee waits until the players are ready to play before the game. The referee has an appropriate and neat referee uniform and all necessary equipment. |
Three Indicators | Score | |
---|---|---|
P, P, P | 1 | POOR |
P, P, A | 2 | |
P, A, A | 3 | AVERAGE |
A, A, A P, A, G | 4 | |
A, A, G | 5 | |
A, G, G | 6 | GOOD |
G, G, G | 7 |
Quality of Referee–Players’ Interactions | Chi-Squared Test p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Indicators | Poor | Average | Good | |
Positive behavior management | Expressing expectations | 65.22% | 13.04% | 21.74% | 0.005 |
Using preventative officiating | 13.04% | 21.74% | 65.22% | 0.005 | |
Redirecting negative behavior | 21.74% | 17.39% | 60.87% | 0.019 | |
Proficiency | Continuity and flow of a game | 0.00% | 13.04% | 86.96% | <0.001 |
Directing players | 8.70% | 13.04% | 78.26% | <0.001 | |
Referee preparation - knowledge and skills - referee equipment | 13.04% | 65.22% | 21.74% | 0.005 |
Dimension | Mean (SD) | Median | Skewness | Kurtosis | Shapiro-Wilk p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive behavior management | 4.48 (1.8) | 5.0 | −0.038 | −0.907 | 0.089 |
Proficiency | 5.52 (1.4) * | 6.0 | −1.442 | 1.696 | <0.001 |
Rugby Referees | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beginner (n = 15) | Experienced (n = 8) | |||||
Dimensions | Mann Whitney U-Test | |||||
Median | Median | Z | p | |||
Positive behavior management | 4.00 | 11.90 | 5.00 | 12.19 | −0.099 | 0.921 |
Proficiency | 6.00 | 12.70 | 6.00 | 14.44 | −1.328 | 0.184 |
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Płoszaj, K.; Firek, W.; Gąsior, P.; Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. Positive Behavior Management: Assessment of Rugby Referees in Children Sport. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010949
Płoszaj K, Firek W, Gąsior P, Malchrowicz-Mośko E. Positive Behavior Management: Assessment of Rugby Referees in Children Sport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010949
Chicago/Turabian StylePłoszaj, Katarzyna, Wiesław Firek, Paweł Gąsior, and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko. 2021. "Positive Behavior Management: Assessment of Rugby Referees in Children Sport" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010949