Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Patients
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Definition of Acute URI Exposure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Sensitivity Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Cohort
3.2. Conditional Logistic Regression Models of Acute URIs and SSNHL Risk
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis of Varying Exposure Time Window
3.4. Forest Plots of aORs for SSNHL Stratified by Sex and Age
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
aOR | adjusted odds ratio |
CI | confidence interval |
cOR | crude odds ratio |
SSNHL | sudden sensorineural hearing loss |
URIs | upper respiratory tract infections |
DDD | defined daily dose |
SD | standard deviation |
LHID | longitudinal health insurance database |
NHIRD | National Health Insurance Research Database |
ICD-9-CM | International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification |
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Variables | Case Period | Control Period | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Age at first SSNHL diagnosis (years), N (%) | |||
18–39 | 261 (23.1%) | ||
40–64 | 622 (55.0%) | ||
≥65 | 248 (21.9%) | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 515 (45.5%) | ||
Male | 616 (54.5%) | ||
Disease | |||
Hypertension | 396 (35.0%) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 219 (19.4%) | ||
Dyslipidemia | 323 (28.6%) | ||
End-stage renal disease | 12 (1.1%) | ||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 104 (9.2%) | ||
Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism | 65 (5.7%) | ||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||
0 | 1043 (92.2%) | ||
1–2 | 69 (6.1%) | ||
≥3 | 19 (1.68%) | ||
Medication dosage, DDD (mean ± SD) | |||
Statins | 2.0 ± 7.9 | 1.8 ± 7.8 | 0.167 |
Antiplatelet | (3.6 ± 12.1) | (3.2 ± 11.5) | 0.424 |
NSAIDs | (3.1 ± 8.0) | (2.7 ± 8.2) | 0.506 |
Furosemide | (0.9 ± 10.1) | (0.7 ± 3.8) | 0.233 |
Case Period (n) a | Control Period (n) b | cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) c | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute URIs | 139 | 90 | 1.54 (1.18–2.01) | 1.57 (1.20–2.05) |
Exposure Time Window | Case Period 1–30 Days Control Period 365–395 Days | Case Period 1–60 Days Control Period 365–425 Days | Case Period 1–90 Days Control Period 365–455 Days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95%CI) aOR (95%CI) a | cOR (95%CI) aOR (95%CI) a | cOR (95%CI) aOR (95%CI) a | ||||
Acute URIs | 1.54 (1.18–2.01) | 1.57 (1.20–2.05) | 1.36 (1.08–1.70) | 1.36 (1.09–1.71) | 1.26 (1.01–1.56) | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) |
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Lin, C.-Y.; Kuo, P.-H.; Wu, S.-Y. Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010745
Lin C-Y, Kuo P-H, Wu S-Y. Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010745
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chuan-Yi, Po-Hsiu Kuo, and Szu-Yuan Wu. 2021. "Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010745
APA StyleLin, C.-Y., Kuo, P.-H., & Wu, S.-Y. (2021). Association of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case-Crossover, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010745