A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Drone Noise
3. Regulation and Metrics
4. What Can We Learn from Civil Aviation (and Other Environmental Noise Sources) about Human Response to Aircraft Noise
4.1. Overview
4.2. Community Noise Annoyance
4.3. Managing Noise
5. Recommendations for Research Requirements
- Develop knowledge about human responses to the sound produced by these new aerial vehicles, and understand public acceptance.
- To evaluate the sound emissions of vehicles to identify the appropriate metrics to describe the exposure. This information could also inform certification standards, assessment methods and policy. The development of metrics will need to be informed by human response to noise, as well as the ability of individuals to understand what the metric represents for communicating environmental impacts with communities.
- To create virtual reality sound demonstrations to demonstrate the new technologies in their context to communities.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aircraft | Distance from SOR Point (km) | Height about Ground (ft) 1 | LA,max 2 |
---|---|---|---|
A320 | 10 | 2400 | 73.4 dB(A) (SD = 4.3 dB(A)) |
737-8MAX | 10 | 2200 | 71.9 dB(A) (SD = 3.0 dB(A)) |
A320 | 25 | 6500 | 60.2 dB(A) (SD = 4.6 dB(A)) |
737-8MAX | 25 | 7500 | 55.6 dB(A) (SD = 3.3 dB(A)) |
Sound Quality Metrics | Human Response Outcomes 1 | Psychoacoustic Factors | Other Factors |
---|---|---|---|
Loudness | Annoyance 2 | Pleasantness/Eventfulness | Visual impact |
Sharpness | Audibility | Calmness/Vibrancy | Ambient noise |
Tonality | Physiological responses | Community soundscape | |
Roughness | Sleep disturbance | Indoor versus outdoor perception | |
Fluctuation strength | Cognitive effects | Contextual/cultural/population variation | |
Impulsiveness | Perceived stress | Vehicle type variability | |
Sound Exposure Level (LAE) | Number of events | ||
LAeq, T | Time of day | ||
LA,max | Altitude | ||
Attitudes to source/operators | |||
Perceptions of safety/trust |
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Torija, A.J.; Clark, C. A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020682
Torija AJ, Clark C. A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020682
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorija, Antonio J., and Charlotte Clark. 2021. "A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020682