Effectiveness of National Residential Smoking Cessation Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Follow-Up
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
08:00 | CO a testing | Breakfast and CO testing | |||
09:00 | Health Check-up (Lab, Chest CT b, Carotid Sono, PFT c, UA d) | Individual counseling <Psychological counseling> | Individual counseling <The result of Health Check-up> | Final individual counseling | |
10:30 | Group Exercise | Recreational session | Closing ceremony | ||
12:00 | Lunch | ||||
13:30 | Group session <Mindfulness> | Group session <Psychological counseling> | Group Exercise | ||
14:00 | Welcoming Ceremony | ||||
15:00 | Psychological assessment | Group session <Behavioral therapy> | Group Exercise | Group session <Behavioral therapy> | |
16:00 | Group session <Pharmacotherapy> | ||||
17:00 | Physician Rounding (Medical counseling and prescription of medications) | ||||
18:00 | Dinner | ||||
19:00 | Group session <Psychological counseling> | Lecture <Cardiovascular disease and Smoking> | Nutrition management after smoking cessation | Drama therapy |
Follow-Up | 4 Weeks | 3 Months | 6 Months | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Success | Fail | Success | Fail | Success | Fail | |
Number (%) | 552 (96.84) | 18 (3.16) | 474 (83.16) | 96 (16.84) | 352 (61.75) | 218 (38.25) |
Follow-Up | 4 Weeks | 3 Months | 6 Months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Success | Fail | Success | Fail | Success | Fail | ||||
469 (96.90) | 15 (3.10) | p-Value | 396 (81.82) | 88 (18.18) | p-value | 306 (63.22) | 178 (36.78) | p-Value | |
Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 55.41 ± 10.63 | 52.53 ± 13.75 | 0.31 | 55.85 ± 10.49 | 52.91 ± 11.56 | 0.02 | 55.89 ± 10.20 | 54.34 ± 11.56 | 0.13 |
Gender | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.26 | ||||||
M | 414 (88.27) | 15 (100.00) | 357 (90.15) | 72 (81.82) | 275 (89.87) | 154 (86.52) | |||
F | 55 (11.73) | 0 (0.00) | 39 (9.85) | 16 (18.18) | 31 (10.13) | 24 (13.48) | |||
Education level (9 data missing) | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.17 | ||||||
Middle school or less | 51 (11.09) | 3 (20.00) | 40 (10.31) | 14 (16.09) | 28 (9.30) | 26 (14.94) | |||
High school | 155 (33.70) | 3 (20.00) | 130 (33.51) | 28 (32.18) | 101 (33.55) | 57 (32.76) | |||
College or beyond | 254 (55.22) | 9 (60.00) | 218 (56.19) | 45 (51.72) | 172 (57.14) | 91 (52.30) | |||
Alcohol | 0.98 | 0.56 | 0.31 | ||||||
Yes | 158 (33.69) | 5 (33.33) | 131 (33.08) | 32 (36.36) | 98 (32.03) | 65 (36.52) | |||
Regular exercise | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.11 | ||||||
Yes | 140 (29.85) | 6 (40.00) | 124 (31.31) | 22 (25.00) | 100 (32.68) | 46 (25.84) | |||
Hypertension | 138 (29.42) | 1 (6.67) | 0.08 | 111 (28.03) | 28 (31.82) | 0.48 | 86 (28.10) | 53 (29.78) | 0.70 |
Diabetes | 89 (18.98) | 3 (20.00) | 0.92 | 77 (19.44) | 15 (17.05) | 0.60 | 63 (20.59) | 29 (16.29) | 0.25 |
Dyslipidemia | 73 (15.57) | 4 (26.67) | 0.25 | 61 (15.40) | 16 (18.18) | 0.52 | 50 (16.34) | 27 (15.17) | 0.73 |
Any supporters | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | ||||||
Yes | 401 (85.50) | 11 (73.33) | 341 (86.11) | 71 (80.68) | 265 (86.60) | 147 (82.58) | |||
Smoking | |||||||||
Age of smoking initiation (yr, mean ± SD) | 20.61 ± 4.77 | 18.53 ± 3.25 | 0.10 | 20.68 ± 4.65 | 19.93 ± 5.12 | 0.18 | 20.73 ± 4.66 | 20.23 ± 4.89 | 0.27 |
Smoking duration (yr, mean ± SD) | 36.20 ± 10.31 | 35.40 ± 12.74 | 0.77 | 36.57 ± 10.28 | 34.40 ± 10.69 | 0.08 | 36.58 ± 9.97 | 35.48 ± 11.05 | 0.26 |
Cigarettes per day (N, mean ± SD) | 20.69 ± 8.15 | 25.33 ± 10.93 | 0.03 | 20.33 ± 7.46 | 23.07 ± 11.00 | 0.005 | 20.05 ± 7.52 | 22.17 ± 9.30 | 0.006 |
FTND a score | 0.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Mild (1–3) | 154 (32.84) | 2 (13.33) | 140 (35.35) | 16 (18.18) | 118 (38.56) | 38 (21.35) | |||
Moderate (4–6) | 202 (43.07) | 5 (33.33) | 171 (43.18) | 36 (40.91) | 121 (39.54) | 86 (48.31) | |||
Severe (7–10) | 113 (24.09) | 8 (53.33) | 85 (21.46) | 36 (40.91) | 67 (21.90) | 54 (30.34) | |||
Quit attempt in the past year | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.51 | ||||||
Yes | 172 (36.67) | 3 (20.00) | 147 (37.12) | 28 (31.82) | 114 (37.25) | 61 (34.27) | |||
Pharmacotherapy | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.12 | ||||||
No | 12 (2.56) | 1 (6.67) | 9 (2.27) | 4 (4.55) | 8 (2.61) | 5 (2.81) | |||
NRT b | 158 (33.69) | 8 (53.33) | 126 (31.82) | 40 (45.45) | 96 (31.37) | 70 (39.33) | |||
Varenicline | 11 (2.35) | 4 (26.67) | 8 (2.02) | 7 (7.95) | 7 (2.29) | 8 (4.49) | |||
Varenicline + short-term NRT | 288 (61.41) | 2 (13.33) | 253 (63.89) | 37 (42.05) | 195 (63.73) | 95 (53.37) | |||
Psychological | |||||||||
IRC c rulers (mean ± SD) | |||||||||
Importance | 9.04 ± 1.60 | 9.13 ± 1.25 | 0.82 | 9.03 ± 1.63 | 9.10 ± 1.41 | 0.68 | 9.04 ± 1.60 | 9.03 ± 1.58 | 0.95 |
Readiness | 8.26 ± 2.09 | 7.53 ± 1.96 | 0.18 | 8.31 ± 2.05 | 7.93 ± 2.24 | 0.12 | 8.25 ± 2.13 | 8.23 ± 2.01 | 0.93 |
Confidence | 7.67 ± 2.17 | 7.07 ± 2.15 | 0.29 | 7.75 ± 2.13 | 7.17 ± 2.27 | 0.02 | 7.80 ± 2.10 | 7.38 ± 2.27 | 0.04 |
Depression scale (CES-D d, 3 data missing) | 0.08 | 0.002 | 0.37 | ||||||
Normal and Mild depressive symptoms (≤15) | 246 (52.79) | 5 (33.33) | 219 (55.58) | 32 (36.78) | 166 (54.61) | 85 (48.02) | |||
Moderate depressive symptoms (16~24) | 117 (25.11) | 3 (20.00) | 96 (24.37) | 24 (27.59) | 73 (24.01) | 47 (26.55) | |||
Severe depressive symptoms (≥25) | 103 (22.10) | 7 (46.67) | 79 (20.05) | 31 (35.63) | 65 (21.38) | 45 (25.42) | |||
Craving score (TCQ e, mean ± SD) | 140.18 ± 40.80 | 169.14 ± 49.99 | 0.01 | 138.99 ± 40.92 | 150.52 ± 42.26 | 0.02 | 140.27 ± 41.73 | 142.54 ± 40.80 | 0.58 |
Self-efficacy scale (mean ± SD) | 26.04 ± 6.71 | 25.07 ± 7.54 | 0.58 | 26.34 ± 6.68 | 24.55 ± 6.81 | 0.02 | 26.88 ± 6.63 | 24.52 ± 6.67 | <0.001 |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 1.03s (1.00–1.05) | 0.02 | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 0.02 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.02 |
Gender | ||||||
M | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
F | 0.49 (0.26–0.93) | 0.03 | 0.49 (0.26–0.93) | 0.03 | 0.61 (0.30–1.24) | 0.17 |
Education level (9 data missing) | ||||||
Middle school or less | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
High school | 1.63 (0.78–3.38) | 0.19 | 2.24 (0.97–5.15) | 0.06 | 1.44 (0.60–3.43) | 0.41 |
College or beyond | 1.70 (0.85–3.37) | 0.13 | 2.49 (1.09–5.68) | 0.03 | 1.53 (0.64–3.62) | 0.34 |
FTND d score | ||||||
Mild (1–3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate (4–6) | 0.54 (0.29–1.02) | 0.06 | 0.56 (0.30–1.07) | 0.08 | 0.52 (0.26–1.02) | 0.06 |
Severe (7–10) | 0.27 (0.14–0.52) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.15–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.14–0.59) | 0.001 |
Pharmacotherapy | ||||||
NRT e | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
No | 0.71 (0.21–2.44) | 0.59 | 0.67 (0.19–2.31) | 0.52 | 0.80 (0.19–3.36) | 0.76 |
Varenicline | 0.36 (0.12–1.06) | 0.07 | 0.36 (0.12–1.07) | 0.07 | 0.39 (0.23–1.26) | 0.12 |
Varenicline + short-term NRT | 2.17 (1.32–3.56) | 0.002 | 2.18 (1.32–3.61) | 0.002 | 2.13 (1.25–3.63) | 0.006 |
Depression scale (CES-D f) | ||||||
Normal and Mild depressive symptoms (≤15) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate depressive symptoms (16~24) | 0.58 (0.33–1.05) | 0.07 | 0.54 (0.30–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.60 (0.32–1.13) | 0.12 |
Severe depressive symptoms (≥25) | 0.37 (0.21–0.65) | 0.001 | 0.36 (0.20–0.65) | 0.001 | 0.48 (0.25–0.91) | 0.03 |
Self-efficacy scale (tertile) | ||||||
low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
moderate | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) | 0.57 | 0.98 (0.56–1.70) | 0.93 | 0.80 (0.43–1.50) | 0.48 |
high | 1.61 (0.89–2.91) | 0.12 | 1.38 (0.75–2.53) | 0.30 | 0.92 (0.46–1.85) | 0.82 |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.13 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.13 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.26 |
Gender | ||||||
M | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
F | 0.72 (0.41–1.28) | 0.26 | 0.72 (0.41–1.28) | 0.27 | 0.85 (0.46–1.59) | 0.61 |
Education level (9 data missing) | ||||||
Middle school or less | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
High school | 1.65 (0.88–3.07) | 0.12 | 2.04 (1.03–4.04) | 0.04 | 1.89 (0.91–3.89) | 0.09 |
College or beyond | 1.76 (0.97–3.17) | 0.06 | 2.27 (1.15–4.46) | 0.02 | 1.90 (0.93–3.89) | 0.08 |
FTND d score | ||||||
Mild (1–3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate (4–6) | 0.45 (0.29–0.72) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.28–0.75) | 0.002 |
Severe (7–10) | 0.40 (0.24–0.67) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.25–0.70) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.26–0.81) | 0.01 |
Pharmacotherapy | ||||||
NRT e | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
No | 1.17 (0.37–3.72) | 0.79 | 1.13 (0.35–3.63) | 0.83 | 1.09 (0.29–4.03) | 0.90 |
Varenicline | 0.64 (0.22–1.84) | 0.41 | 0.65 (0.22–1.89) | 0.43 | 0.67 (0.22–2.03) | 0.48 |
Varenicline + short-term NRT | 1.50 (1.01–2.22) | 0.05 | 1.49 (1.00–2.21) | 0.05 | 1.64 (1.07–2.51) | 0.02 |
Depression scale (CES-D f) | ||||||
Normal and Mild depressive symptoms (≤15) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate depressive symptoms (16~24) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.32 | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 0.24 | 0.86 (0.53–1.40) | 0.55 |
Severe depressive symptoms (≥25) | 0.74 (0.47–1.17) | 0.20 | 0.73 (0.45–1.17) | 0.19 | 1.03 (0.61–1.76) | 0.90 |
Self-efficacy scale (tertile) | ||||||
low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
moderate | 1.10 (0.72–1.69) | 0.66 | 1.03 (0.66–1.59) | 0.91 | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 0.85 |
high | 2.38 (1.47–3.87) | <0.001 | 2.24 (1.37–3.68) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.15–3.37) | 0.01 |
3 Months Model 3 a | 6 Months Model 3 a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Age (yr, mean ± SD) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.04 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.23 |
Gender | ||||
M | 1 | 1 | ||
F | 0.57 (0.28–1.18) | 0.13 | 0.81 (0.43–1.52) | 0.51 |
Education level (9 data missing) | ||||
Middle school or less | 1 | 1 | ||
High school | 1.54 (0.62–3.82) | 0.36 | 1.85 (0.88–3.91) | 0.11 |
College or beyond | 1.49 (0.60–3.69) | 0.39 | 1.79 (0.85–3.74) | 0.12 |
FTND b score | ||||
Mild (1–3) | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate (4–6) | 0.50 (0.25–1.02) | 0.06 | 0.46 (0.28–0.76) | 0.002 |
Severe (7–10) | 0.33 (0.15–0.71) | 0.005 | 0.52 (0.29–0.93) | 0.03 |
Pharmacotherapy | ||||
NRT c | 1 | 1 | ||
Varenicline + short-term NRT | 2.12 (1.24–3.61) | 0.006 | 1.63 (1.07–2.49) | 0.02 |
Depression scale (CES-D d) | ||||
Normal and Mild depressive symptoms (≤15) | 1 | 1 | ||
Moderate depressive symptoms (16~24) | 0.55 (0.29–1.06) | 0.07 | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | 0.37 |
Severe depressive symptoms (≥25) | 0.44 (0.23–0.88) | 0.02 | 0.97 (0.56–1.68) | 0.92 |
Self-efficacy scale (tertile) | ||||
low | 1 | 1 | ||
moderate | 0.74 (0.39–1.42) | 0.37 | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | 0.79 |
high | 0.79 (0.39–1.62) | 0.53 | 1.75 (1.01–3.03) | 0.04 |
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Park, M.-J.; Seo, Y.-G.; Noh, H.-M.; Kim, Y.; Yoon, J.L.; Paek, Y.-J. Effectiveness of National Residential Smoking Cessation Program. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189901
Park M-J, Seo Y-G, Noh H-M, Kim Y, Yoon JL, Paek Y-J. Effectiveness of National Residential Smoking Cessation Program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189901
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Mi-Jeong, Young-Gyun Seo, Hye-Mi Noh, Yeol Kim, Jong Lull Yoon, and Yu-Jin Paek. 2021. "Effectiveness of National Residential Smoking Cessation Program" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189901