PaLS Study: Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Usage among Polish University Students in the Context of Stress Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Construction of the Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency and Quantity Questions
3.2. Self-Opinion Questions
- -
- Alcohol: 28.41% (n = 377) increased tendency, 43.08% (n = 570) no change, 28.51% (n = 377) decreased tendency;
- -
- Tobacco: 13.61% (n = 180) increased tendency, 71.43% (n = 945) no change, 14.96% (n = 198) decreased tendency;
- -
- Marijuana and THC: 7.25% (n = 96) increased tendency, 79.52% (n = 1052) no change, 13.23% (n = 175) decreased tendency;
- -
- Hard drugs: 1.05% (n = 14) increased tendency, 86.85% (n = 1149) no change, 12.1% (n = 160) decreased tendency;
- -
- Average answer: 12.58% increased tendency, 70.22% no change, 17.20% decreased tendency.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Stanton, R.; To, Q.G.; Khalesi, S.; Williams, S.L.; Alley, S.J.; Thwaite, T.L.; Fenning, A.S.; Vandelanotte, C. Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Regulation of the Minister of Health 1 of 20 March 2020 on the declaration of an epidemic in the territory of the Republic of Poland. In Minist. Health J. Laws; 2020. Available online: https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/D2020000049101.pdf (accessed on 2 August 2021).
- Chu, D.K.; Alk, E.A.; Duda, S.; Solo, K.; Yaacoub, S.; Schunemann, H.J.; Covid-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort Study Authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020, 395, 1973–1987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khanna, R.C.; Cicinelli, M.V.; Gilbert, S.S.; Honavar, S.G.; Murthy, G.S.V. COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2020, 68, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hossain, M.; Tasnim, S.; Sultana, A.; Faizah, F.; Mazumder, H.; Zou, L.; McKyer, E.L.J.; Ahmed, H.U.; Ma, P. Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research 2020, 9, 636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abrahao, K.; Salinas, A.; Lovinger, D.M. Alcohol and the Brain: Neuronal Molecular Targets, Synapses, and Circuits. Neuron 2017, 96, 1223–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bryl, N.; Czarnecka-Iwańczuk, M.; Romanowska, M.; Goran-Stanišić, M.; Michalak, M.; Posadzy-Małaczyńska, A. Drinking alcohol as a way of coping with stress in students of medical faculties. Psychiatr. Pol. 2020, 54, 265–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klimkiewicz, A.; Jakubczyk, A.; Mach, A.; Abramowska, M.; Szczypiński, J.; Berent, D.; Skrzeszewski, J.; Witkowski, G.; Wojnar, M. Psychometric properties of the polish version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020, 218, 108427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajda, M.; Sedlaczek, K.; Szemik, S.; Kowalska, M. Determinants of Alcohol Consumption among Medical Students: Results from POLLEK Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verhoog, S.; Dopmeijer, J.M.; De Jonge, J.M.; Van Der Heijde, C.M.; Vonk, P.; Bovens, R.H.; de Boer, M.; Hoekstra, T.; Kunst, A.E.; Wiers, R.W.; et al. The Use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption as an Indicator of Hazardous Alcohol Use among University Students. Eur. Addict. Res. 2019, 26, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, A.; Brodziak-Dopierała, B. Smoking tobacco, use of marijuana and other psychoactive substances by students of Silesian universities. Przeglad Epidemiol. 2021, 75, 128–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roco, Á.; Cerda, B.; Cayún, J.P.; Lavanderos, A.; Rubilar, J.C.; Cerro, R.; Acevedo, C.; Cáceres, D.; Varela, N.; Quiñones, L.A. Pharmacogenetics, tobacco, alcohol and its effect on the risk development cancer. Rev. Chil. Pediatr. 2018, 89, 432–440. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kondo, T.; Nakano, Y.; Adachi, S.; Murohara, T. Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular Disease. Circ. J. 2019, 83, 1980–1985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ferrante, M.; Saulle, R.; Ledda, C.; Pappalardo, R.; Fallico, R.; La Torre, G.; Fiore, M. Prevalence of smoking habits, attitudes, knowledge and beliefs among Health Professional School students: A cross-sectional study. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 2013, 49, 143–149. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jaccard, G.; Tafin Djoko, D.; Moennikes, O.; Jeannet, C.; Kondylis, A.; Belushkin, M. Comparative assessment of HPHC yields in the Tobacco Heating System THS2.2 and commercial cigarettes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2017, 90, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jankowski, M.; Krzystanek, M.; Zejda, J.E.; Majek, P.; Lubanski, J.; Lawson, J.A.; Brozek, G. E-Cigarettes are More Addictive than Traditional Cigarettes—A Study in Highly Educated Young People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jankowski, M.; Brożek, G.M.; Lawson, J.; Skoczyński, S.; Majek, P.; Zejda, J.E. New ideas, old problems? Heated tobacco products—A systematic review. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2019, 32, 595–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhatt, J.M.; Ramphul, M.; Bush, A. An update on controversies in e-cigarettes. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2020, 36, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fulton, E.; Gokal, K.; Griffiths, S.; Wild, S. More than half of adolescent E-Cigarette users had never smoked a cigarette: Findings from a study of school children in the UK. Public Health 2018, 161, 33–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The National Office for Counteracting Drug Addiction Report on The State of Drug Addiction in Poland. 6 January 2019. Available online: https://www.cinn.gov.pl/portal?id=105923 (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Jodczyk, A.M.; Gruba, G.; Sikora, Z.; Kasiak, P.S.; Gębarowska, J.; Adamczyk, N.; Mamcarz, A.; Śliż, D. PaLS Study: How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Influenced Physical Activity and Nutrition? Observations a Year after the Outbreak of the Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gruba, G.; Kasiak, P.S.; Gębarowska, J.; Adamczyk, N.; Sikora, Z.; Jodczyk, A.M.; Mamcarz, A.; Śliż, D. PaLS Study of Sleep Deprivation and Mental Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IPAQ Scoring Protocole. Available online: https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/scoring-protocol (accessed on 3 August 2021).
- Fila-Witecka, K.; Senczyszyn, A.; Kołodziejczyk, A.; Ciułkowicz, M.; Maciaszek, J.; Misiak, B.; Szcześniak, D.; Rymaszewska, J. Lifestyle Changes among Polish University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chodkiewicz, J.; Talarowska, M.; Miniszewska, J.; Nawrocka, N.; Bilinski, P. Alcohol Consumption Reported during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Initial Stage. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiorillo, A.; Gorwood, P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. Eur. Psychiatry 2020, 63, e32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lechner, W.V.; Laurene, K.R.; Patel, S.; Anderson, M.; Grega, C.; Kenne, D.R. Changes in alcohol use as a function of psychological distress and social support following COVID-19 related University closings. Addict. Behav. 2020, 110, 106527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education. Alcohol Sales & Use during COVID-19. Available online: https://fare.org.au/wp-content/uploads/COVID-19-POLL.pdf (accessed on 31 October 2021).
- Inspectorate, C.S. Poles’ Attitudes towards Tobacco Smoking—Report 2019. Available online: https://www.gov.pl/web/gis/postawy-polakow-wobec-palenia-tytoniu--raport-2017 (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Brożek, G.M.; Jankowski, M.; Lawson, J.A.; Shpakou, A.; Poznański, M.; Zielonka, T.M.; Klimatckaia, L.; Loginovich, Y.; Rachel, M.; Gereová, J.; et al. The Prevalence of Cigarette and E-cigarette Smoking Among Students in Central and Eastern Europe—Results of the YUPESS Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jankowski, M.; Brożek, G.; Lawson, J.; Skoczyński, S.; Zejda, J.E. E-smoking: Emerging public health problem? Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2017, 30, 329–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Organisation, W.H. Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) Information Sheet. 2018. Available online: http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/prod_regulation/heated-tobacco-products/en/ (accessed on 15 October 2021).
- Lange, K.W.; Nakamura, Y. Lifestyle factors in the prevention of COVID-19. Glob. Health J. 2020, 4, 146–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shastri, M.D.; Shukla, S.D.; Chong, W.C.; Kc, R.; Dua, K.; Patel, R.P.; Peterson, G.M.; O’Toole, R.F. Smoking and COVID-19: What we know so far. Respir. Med. 2020, 176, 106237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patanavanich, R.; Glantz, S.A. Smoking Is Associated with COVID-19 Progression: A Meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2020, 22, 1653–1656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Public Opinion Research Centre. The Consumption of Alcohol in Poland. 2019. 151/2019. Available online: https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2019/K_151_19.PDF (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- National Centre for Counteracting Drugs. The Consumption of Alcohol in Poland. 2019. Available online: https://www.parpa.pl/index.php/badania-i-informacje-statystyczne/statystyki (accessed on 6 January 2022).
- Wilczyński, K.M.; Witowski, L.; Pawlik, A.; Krysta, K.; Krupka-Matuszczyk, I. Consumption of alcohol and risk of alcohol addiction among students in Poland. Psychiatr. Danub. 2013, 25, 78–82. [Google Scholar]
- Podstawski, R.; Wesołowska, E.; Choszcz, D. Trends in alcohol drinking among university students at the Polish University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Nord. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 2017, 34, 430–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bushman, B.J. Effects of Alcohol on Human Aggression. Validity of proposed explanations. Recent Dev. Alcohol. 2002, 13, 227–243. [Google Scholar]
- Graham, K.; Bernards, S.; Wilsnack, S.C.; Gmel, G. Alcohol May Not Cause Partner Violence But It Seems to Make It Worse: A Cross National Comparison of the Relationship Between Alcohol and Severity of Partner Violence. J. Interpers. Violence 2010, 26, 1503–1523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jamal, A.; King, B.A.; Neff, L.J.; Whitmill, J.; Babb, S.D.; Graffunder, C.M. Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2005–2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2016, 65, 1205–1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Filippidis, F.T.; Laverty, A.A.; Gerovasili, V.; Vardavas, I.C. Two-year trends and predictors of e-cigarette use in 27 European Union member states. Tob. Control 2016, 26, 98–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Erol, A.; Karpyak, V.M. Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015, 156, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teixidó-Compañó, E.; Espelt, A.; Sordo, L.; Bravo, M.J.; Sarasa-Renedo, A.; Indave, B.I.; Bosque-Prous, M.; Brugal, M.T. Differences between men and women in substance use: The role of educational level and employment status. Gac. Sanit. 2018, 32, 41–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burzyńska, J.; Bartosiewicz, A.; Rękas, M. The social life of COVID-19: Early insights from social media monitoring data collected in Poland. Health Inform. J. 2020, 26, 3056–3065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Total (100%; n = 1323) | Men (22.45%; n = 297) | Women (77.17%; n = 1021) | MUS (47.62%; n = 630) | NMUS (52.38%; n = 693) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 87.68% | 83.50% | 88.93% | 90.48% | 85.14% |
<10 | 10.28% | 13.47% | 9.30% | 8.06% | 12.27% |
10–19 | 1.66% | 2.36% | 1.47% | 1.11% | 2.16% |
20 and more | 0.38% | 0.67% | 0.29% | 0.32% | 0.43% |
Variable | Total (100%; n = 1323) | Men (22.45%; n = 297) | Women (77.17%; n = 1021) | MUS (47.62%; n = 630) | NMUS (52.38%; n = 693) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | 71.81% | 65.66% | 73.46% | 72.54% | 71.14% |
Several times per year (occasionally) | 18.07% | 21.21% | 17.24% | 18.41% | 17.75% |
Less than 20 days within 30 days | 2.12% | 3.37% | 1.77% | 1.75% | 2.45% |
20 days within 30 days or often | 1.51% | 1.35% | 1.57% | 1.59% | 1,44% |
Up to an hour every day | 3.17% | 5.05% | 2.64% | 3.49% | 2.89% |
More than an hour every day | 3.33% | 3.37% | 3.33% | 2.22% | 4.33% |
Variable | Total (100%; n = 1323) | Men (22.45%; n = 297) | Women (77.17%; n = 1021) | MUS (47.62%; n = 630) | NMUS (52.38%; n = 693) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never (non-drinkers) | 12.02% | 10.44% | 12.24% | 9.52% | 14.29% |
Several times per year (occasionally) | 29.48% | 22.22% | 31.64% | 32.22% | 26.99% |
Once a month | 23.20% | 25.59% | 22.62% | 24.60% | 21.93% |
Once a week | 25.85% | 29.97% | 24.68% | 22.86% | 28.57% |
3–4 times a week | 8.39% | 9.76% | 8.03% | 10% | 6.93% |
Every day | 1.06% | 2.02% | 0.78% | 0.79% | 1.30% |
Correlation between the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health (Lower Score in −5/0/+5 Question) on the Tendency to (Higher Score in −5/0/+5 Question): | Rho–Spearman Test Scores | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (100%; n = 1323) | Men (22.45%; n = 297) | Women (77.17%; n = 1021) | MUS (47.62%; n = 630) | NMUS (52.38%; n = 693) |
Smoke tobacco | Rho = −0.128; p < 0.001 | Rho = −0.111; p = 0.056 | Rho = −0.139; p < 0.001 | Rho = −0.124; p = 0.002 | Rho = −0.128; p < 0.001 |
Drink alcohol | Rho = −0.073; p < 0.001 | Rho = −0.053; p = 0.365 | Rho = −0.075; p = 0.017 | Rho = −0.085; p = 0.032 | Rho = −0.067; p = 0.079 |
Usage of marijuana and THC | Rho = −0.041; p = 0.136 | Rho = −0.132; p = 0.023 | Rho = −0.012; p = 0.709 | Rho = −0.015; p = 0.704 | Rho = −0.064; p = 0.090 |
Usage of hard drugs | Rho = −0.007; p = 0.799 | Rho = −0.098; p = 0.093 | Rho = −0.017; p = 0.586 | Rho = −0.047; p = 0.239 | Rho = −0.023; p = 0.537 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jodczyk, A.M.; Kasiak, P.S.; Adamczyk, N.; Gębarowska, J.; Sikora, Z.; Gruba, G.; Mamcarz, A.; Śliż, D. PaLS Study: Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Usage among Polish University Students in the Context of Stress Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031261
Jodczyk AM, Kasiak PS, Adamczyk N, Gębarowska J, Sikora Z, Gruba G, Mamcarz A, Śliż D. PaLS Study: Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Usage among Polish University Students in the Context of Stress Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031261
Chicago/Turabian StyleJodczyk, Alicja Monika, Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak, Natalia Adamczyk, Joanna Gębarowska, Zuzanna Sikora, Grzegorz Gruba, Artur Mamcarz, and Daniel Śliż. 2022. "PaLS Study: Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Usage among Polish University Students in the Context of Stress Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031261