The Impact of Retirement on Happiness and Loneliness in Poland—Evidence from Panel Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Retirement and Subjective Quality of Life: A Literature Overview
2.1. Transition to Retirement and Subjective Quality of Life—A Review of Theories
2.2. Retirement and Life Satisfaction: Previous Findings
2.3. Retirement in Poland
- (1)
- Retirement transition does not affect the happiness level and loneliness among retiring Poles.
- (2)
- Continuing professional work after retirement is beneficial for subjective well-being/reduces loneliness.
- (3)
- The effect of retirement on subjective quality of life/loneliness is similar for men and women in Poland.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Variables in the Models
3.2.1. Dependent Variable
3.2.2. Control and Explanatory Variables
3.3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | 2007 | 2009 | 2011 | 20013 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | |||||
Age | 58.70 | 59.64 | 61.08 | 62.50 | 64.00 |
Satisfaction with the financial situation of one’s family | 3.14 | 3.28 | 3.43 | 3.47 | 3.69 |
Satisfaction with one’s health status | 3.13 | 3.27 | 3.44 | 3.45 | 3.45 |
Proportion | |||||
Sex | |||||
Men | 46.5 | 42.3 | 44.3 | 43.1 | 39.2 |
Women | 53.5 | 57.7 | 55.7 | 56.9 | 60.8 |
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | 50.0 | 51.7 | 52.1 | 51.8 | 51.1 |
Rural | 50.0 | 48.4 | 47.9 | 48.2 | 48.9 |
Disability | |||||
Without disability | 64.8 | 69.1 | 72.0 | 72.5 | 78.7 |
With disability | 35.2 | 30.9 | 28.0 | 27.6 | 21.3 |
Partnership status | |||||
Without a spouse/partner | 20.0 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 23.9 | 29.3 |
With a spouse/partner | 80.0 | 75.4 | 75.4 | 76.1 | 70.7 |
Living arrangements | |||||
With a spouse only | 32.6 | 37.7 | 37.6 | 42.2 | 43.6 |
With a spouse and children | 36.1 | 29.2 | 27.2 | 20.8 | 17.9 |
With children only | 11.3 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 10.2 |
With a family of a child, multigenerational households | 14.8 | 13.8 | 15.8 | 17.9 | 12.6 |
Living alone | 5.2 | 10.3 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 15.7 |
Level of education | |||||
Primary and lower | 32.6 | 32.7 | 31.4 | 29.9 | 26.9 |
Basic vocational and junior secondary | 30.4 | 32.2 | 32.5 | 34.5 | 36.8 |
Secondary | 23.0 | 23.4 | 23.4 | 22.6 | 22.8 |
Higher and post-secondary | 13.9 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 13.0 | 13.6 |
Employment status | |||||
Not employed (unemployed or inactive) | 58.3 | 66.7 | 74.1 | 86.0 | 98.6 |
In employment | 41.7 | 33.3 | 26.0 | 14.1 | 1.5 |
Retirement | |||||
No | 58.3 | 66.7 | 74.1 | 86.0 | 98.6 |
Yes | 41.7 | 33.3 | 26.0 | 14.1 | 1.5 |
Happiness | |||||
Very unhappy | 5.7 | 6.8 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Rather unhappy | 44.4 | 43.6 | 30.1 | 31.0 | 27.1 |
Rather happy | 45.7 | 41.4 | 59.6 | 55.5 | 60.5 |
Very happy | 4.4 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 11.5 | 9.9 |
Loneliness | |||||
No | 75.4 | 71.7 | 72.8 | 77.1 | 75.8 |
Yes | 24.6 | 28.3 | 27.2 | 22.9 | 24.2 |
Observations | 141 | 336 | 391 | 355 | 280 |
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Model 1A | Model 1B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women |
Age | 0.10 *** | 0.05 | 0.14 *** | 0.10 *** | 0.05 | 0.14 *** |
Disability (ref. without disability) | ||||||
with disability | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
Partnership status (ref. without a spouse/partner) | ||||||
with a spouse/partner | 1.17 *** | 1.92 ** | 0.97 * | 1.17 *** | 1.94 ** | 0.97 * |
Living arrangements (ref. living alone) | ||||||
living with a spouse only | −0.43 | −1.39 *** | −0.13 | −0.43 | −1.40 *** | −0.13 |
with a spouse and children | −0.89 ** | −1.73 *** | −0.70 | −0.89 ** | −1.73 *** | −0.70 |
with children only | −0.39 | −1.37 | −0.22 | −0.39 | −1.36 | −0.23 |
with a family of a child, multigenerational households | −0.62 | −1.55 *** | −0.37 | −0.62 | −1.55 *** | −0.37 |
Satisfaction with the financial situation of one’s family | 0.39 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.40 *** |
Satisfaction with one’s health status | 0.40 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.43 *** |
Employment status (ref. not in employment) | ||||||
employed | 0.21 | −0.02 | 0.41 * | |||
Retirement (ref. no) | ||||||
yes | 0.20 | 0.38 | 0.09 | |||
Retirement # Employment status (ref. not retired, nor employed) | ||||||
Retired, not employed | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.07 | |||
Not retired, in employment | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.37 | |||
Retired, in employment | 0.46 | −0.75 | 1.51 | |||
Observations | 2606 | 1095 | 1511 | 2606 | 1095 | 1511 |
Model A | Model B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women |
Age | −0.05 | −0.14 ** | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.14 ** | −0.00 |
Disability (ref. without disability) | ||||||
with disability | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
Partnership status (ref. without a spouse/partner) | ||||||
with a spouse/partner | −1.28 *** | −2.47 | −1.07 * | −1.29 *** | −2.48 | −1.08 |
Living arrangements (ref. living alone) | ||||||
living with a spouse only | −1.23 *** | −0.78 | −1.45 ** | −1.21 *** | −0.78 | −1.42 ** |
with a spouse and children | −0.79 | −0.35 | −1.00 | −0.76 | −0.36 | −0.97 |
with children only | −0.52 | 2.34 | −0.88 | −0.50 | 2.33 | −0.86 |
with a family of a child, multigenerational households | −1.10 ** | −1.05 | −0.98 | −1.07 ** | −1.05 | −0.95 |
Satisfaction with one’s family financial situation | −0.24 *** | −0.23 ** | −0.25 *** | −0.24 *** | −0.23 * | −0.25 ** |
Satisfaction with one’s health status | −0.31 *** | −0.44 *** | −0.23 ** | −0.31 *** | −0.44 *** | −0.23 *** |
Employment status (ref. not in employment) | ||||||
employed | −0.05 | 0.19 | −0.22 | |||
Retirement (ref. no) | ||||||
yes | 0.07 | 0.69 ** | −0.27 | |||
Retirement # Employment status (ref. not retired, nor employed) | ||||||
Retired, not employed | 0.09 | 0.72 ** | −0.25 | |||
Not retired, in employment | 0.02 | 0.24 | −0.14 | |||
Retired, in employment | −1.48 | −12.67 *** | −1.66 | |||
Observations | 1503 | 567 | 936 | 1503 | 567 | 936 |
Number of respondents | 437 | 165 | 272 | 437 | 165 | 272 |
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Abramowska-Kmon, A.; Łątkowski, W. The Impact of Retirement on Happiness and Loneliness in Poland—Evidence from Panel Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189875
Abramowska-Kmon A, Łątkowski W. The Impact of Retirement on Happiness and Loneliness in Poland—Evidence from Panel Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189875
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbramowska-Kmon, Anita, and Wojciech Łątkowski. 2021. "The Impact of Retirement on Happiness and Loneliness in Poland—Evidence from Panel Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189875