Amino Acids and the Early Mammalian Embryo: Origin, Fate, Function and Life-Long Legacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin of Amino Acids Available to Early Embryos
3. Amino Acid Composition of Oviduct Fluids
4. Proteins in Oviduct Fluid; Putative Functions and Regulation
5. Transport of Amino Acids into the Early Embryo
6. Functional Roles of Amino Acids in Preimplantation Development
6.1. Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids
6.2. The Requirement for Amino Acids of Early Embryos in Culture
7. Metabolic Functions of Amino Acids in the Early Embryo
8. Protein Content of the Preimplantation Embryo
9. Ammonia Production
10. One-Carbon Metabolism and DNA Methylation
11. Functions of Specific Amino Acids in the Early Embryo
11.1. Arginine and Leucine
11.2. Glycine
11.3. Glycine, Taurine and Hypotaurine in Protection against Oxidative Stress
11.4. Methionine
11.5. Glutamine
11.6. The ‘Other’ Amino Acids
12. Amino Acids and the Early Mammalian Embryo: Life-Long Legacy
13. Amino Acid Depletion/Appearance (‘Turnover’); A Robust Marker of Individual Differences at the Cellular Level
14. Diagnostic Relevance of Amino Acid Metabolism
15. Amino Acid Depletion/Appearance; More Is Not Necessarily Better
16. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Leese, H.J.; McKeegan, P.J.; Sturmey, R.G. Amino Acids and the Early Mammalian Embryo: Origin, Fate, Function and Life-Long Legacy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189874
Leese HJ, McKeegan PJ, Sturmey RG. Amino Acids and the Early Mammalian Embryo: Origin, Fate, Function and Life-Long Legacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189874
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeese, Henry J., Paul J. McKeegan, and Roger G. Sturmey. 2021. "Amino Acids and the Early Mammalian Embryo: Origin, Fate, Function and Life-Long Legacy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189874