Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Turkish Migrant Cohort in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Enrollment
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Changes in Physical Activity (PA) and Sedentary Behavior (SB)—Outcome
2.3.2. Physical Activity as a Covariate
2.3.3. Sociodemographic Variables
2.3.4. Migration-Related Variables
2.3.5. Health-Related Variables
2.3.6. Mental Health Variable
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men N = 44 | Women N = 62 | Total N = 106 | |
---|---|---|---|
% or mean ± standard deviation | |||
Sociodemographics | data | ||
Age in years | 54.8 ± 10.9 | 53.2 ± 12.5 | 53.9 ± 11.8 |
Educational level 1 | |||
<10 years | 22.7 | 41.9 | 34.0 |
10–12 years | 47.7 | 33.9 | 39.6 |
>12 years | 27.3 | 16.1 | 20.8 |
Questionnaire language | |||
German | 61.4 | 48.1 | 59.4 |
Turkish | 38.6 | 41.9 | 40.6 |
Own migration experience 1 | 88.6 | 77.8 | 82.0 |
Employed (half or full time) | 54.8 | 38.3 | 45.1 |
Health-related variables | |||
Body mass index (BMI) 2 | 29.7 ± 4.7 | 29.3 ± 5.3 | 29.5 ± 5.1 |
Normal weight (18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2) | 9.7 | 23.2 | 18.4 |
Overweight (25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2) | 41.9 | 33.9 | 36.8 |
Obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2) | 48.4 | 42.9 | 44.8 |
Smoking behavior | |||
Smoker | 34.1 | 30.0 | 31.7 |
Ex-smoker | 22.7 | 28.3 | 26.0 |
Never smoker | 43.2 | 41.7 | 42.3 |
Physical activity before COVID-19 pandemic 2 | |||
At least 150 min/week of moderate physical activity | 17.6 | 25.0 | 22.0 |
Health status, self-reported | |||
Good (including good, very good, excellent) | 86.4 | 71.0 | 77.4 |
Poor (including less good, poor) | 13.6 | 29.0 | 22.6 |
Depressive symptoms (≥10 points on PHQ-9 scale 3) | 25.0 | 34.5 | 30.5 |
Predictors | Less Physical Activity in Transport, Leisure Time, and/or Sports | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable 4 | ||||
n | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Sociodemographics | |||||
Age per year | 103 | 1.0 (1.0;1.1) | 0.383 | - | |
Sex 1 | |||||
Male vs. female | 103 | 0.5 (0.2;1.1) | 0.096 | 0.3 (0.1;0.9) | 0.032 |
Educational level 1 | |||||
<10 years | 100 | Ref | - | - | |
10–12 years | 2.0 (0.8;5.2) | 0.141 | - | - | |
>12 years | 1.8 (0.6;5.5) | 0.300 | - | - | |
Employed | |||||
No vs. yes | 99 | 0.8 (0.4;1.9) | 0.636 | - | - |
Migration-related variables | |||||
Questionnaire language | |||||
Turkish vs. German | 103 | 1.2 (0.5;2.8) | 0.678 | - | - |
Own migration experience 1 | |||||
No vs. yes | 87 | 2.7 (0.7;10.2) | 0.143 | - | - |
Health-related variables | |||||
Obesity vs. normal/overweight 2 | 85 | 1.3 (0.5;3.2) | 0.616 | 2.0 (0.6;6.9) | 0.254 |
Never/ex-smokers vs. smokers | 101 | 0.6 (0.2;1.4) | 0.214 | 0.4 (0.1;1.4) | 0.146 |
<150 min PA per week vs. ≥150 min PA per week (WHO recommendations)—before COVID-19 pandemic 2 | 80 | 2.6 (0.9;7.8) | 0.072 | 6.2 (1.7;22.6) | 0.006 |
Subjective health status: poor (not so good or poor) vs. good (good, very good, or excellent) | 103 | 0.8 (0.3;2.1) | 0.633 | 0.3 (0.1;1.3) | 0.115 |
Depressive symptoms (≥10 vs. <10 on PHQ-9 scale 3) | 95 | 1.4 (0.5;3.7) | 0.487 | - | - |
Predictors | More Sedentary Behavior | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable 4 | ||||
n | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Sociodemographics | |||||
Age per year | 100 | 1.0 (1.0;1.0) | 0.467 | - | - |
Sex 1 | |||||
Male vs. female | 100 | 0.7 (0.3;1.6) | 0.371 | 0.3 (0.1;0.9) | 0.040 |
Educational level 1 | |||||
<10 years | 100 | Ref | - | - | |
10–12 years | 1.5 (0.6;4.0) | 0.393 | - | - | |
>12 years | 1.3 (0.4;4.2) | 0.610 | - | - | |
Employed | |||||
No vs. yes | 96 | 1.3 (0.5;3.0) | 0.575 | - | - |
Migration-related variables | |||||
Questionnaire language | |||||
Turkish vs. German | 100 | 1.2 (0.5;2.7) | 0.682 | - | - |
Own migration experience 1 | |||||
No vs. yes | 84 | 1.0 (0.3;3.0) | 0.957 | - | - |
Health-related variables | |||||
Obesity vs. normal/overweight 2 | 82 | 1.5 (0.6;3.6) | 0.398 | 3.3 (1.0;10.4) | 0.043 |
Never/ex-smokers vs. smokers | 98 | 1.0 (0.4;2.4) | 0.993 | - | - |
<150 min PA per week vs. ≥150 min PA per week (WHO recommendations)—before COVID-19 pandemic 2 | 77 | 6.6 (1.4;31.2) | 0.009 | 19.3 (2.2;170.0) | 0.008 |
Subjective health status: poor (not so good or poor) vs. good (good, very good, or excellent) | 100 | 1.3 (0.5;3.4) | 0.587 | - | - |
Depressive symptoms (≥10 vs. <10 on PHQ-9 scale 3) | 92 | 2.4 (0.9;5.9) | 0.062 | - | - |
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Krist, L.; Dornquast, C.; Reinhold, T.; Icke, K.; Danquah, I.; Willich, S.N.; Becher, H.; Keil, T. Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Turkish Migrant Cohort in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189682
Krist L, Dornquast C, Reinhold T, Icke K, Danquah I, Willich SN, Becher H, Keil T. Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Turkish Migrant Cohort in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189682
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrist, Lilian, Christina Dornquast, Thomas Reinhold, Katja Icke, Ina Danquah, Stefan N. Willich, Heiko Becher, and Thomas Keil. 2021. "Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Turkish Migrant Cohort in Germany" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189682