Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Data Calculation and Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Pooled Mean Calculation
2.4.2. Pooled Standard Deviation Calculation
2.4.3. Estimated Physical Characteristic and Physical Fitness Value Calculation
2.4.4. Estimation Error Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Pooled Mean Value and Estimated Error
3.3.1. Physical Characteristics
3.3.2. Physical Fitness Variables
3.4. Estimated Normal Distribution and 95% Confidence Interval
3.4.1. Physical Characteristics
3.4.2. Physical Fitness Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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p(%) | 1% | 5% | 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% | 95% | 99% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z | −2.33 | −1.64 | −1.28 | −0.84 | −0.52 | −0.25 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 1.28 | 1.64 | 2.33 |
Sex | Study | Sample Size | Age (y) | Career (y) | Weight (kg) | Outcome Variables |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Cho et al., 2011 [16] | 40 | 20.56 ± 1.25 | >5 | 75.33 ± 8.68 | Physiques (height, body fat); Cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max, HRmax); Isokinetic muscular strength (left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s) |
Cho, 2020 [17] | 67 | 19.69 ± 1.13 | NR | 70.48 ± 7.56 | Physiques (height, BMI) | |
Feng et al., 2020 [18] | 27 | 19.7 ± 1.03 | NR | 70.5 ± 8.73 | Physiques (height, BMI); Cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max); Isokinetic muscular strength (peak anaerobic power) | |
Hong et al., 2020 [19] | 28 | 20.18 ± 10.8 | 9.61 ± 2.27 | 74.01 ± 8.29 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat, fat mass, LBM, thigh circumference); Muscular strength (back strength); Muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); Muscular power (standing long jump, vertical jump); Flexibility (backward flexion, sit and reach); Balance (eyes-closed single-leg stance); Agility (whole-body reaction time to light, whole-body reaction time to sound); Isokinetic muscular strength (average power, relative peak anaerobic power, absolute peak anaerobic, peak drop, total energy, left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s) | |
Jang and Park, 2020 [20] | 10 | 20.7 ± 0.95 | NR | 69.8 ± 1.17 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat); Muscular endurance (sit-up per 30 s, sit-up per 60 s); Muscular power (standing long jump); Flexibility (sit and reach); Isokinetic muscular strength (average power, relative peak anaerobic power, absolute peak anaerobic power, peak drop) | |
Jang, 2020 [21] | 10 | 20.7 ± 0.95 | NR | 69.8 ± 4.93 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat); Muscular endurance (sit-up per 30 s, sit-up per 60 s); Muscular power (standing long jump); Flexibility (sit and reach); Isokinetic muscular strength (average power, relative peak anaerobic power, absolute peak anaerobic power, peak drop) | |
Jung, 2015 [22] | 16 | 22.44 ± 0.96 | NR | 70.23 ± 6.28 | Physiques (height); Muscular strength (back strength, hand grip); Muscular endurance (push-up per 60 s, sit-up per 60 s); Muscular power (vertical jump); Flexibility (sit and reach); Isokinetic muscular strength (left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 180°/s, left knee joint extension at 180°/s, right knee joint flexion at 180°/s, right knee joint extension at 180°/s, left hip joint flexion at 60°/s, left hip joint extension at 60°/s, right hip joint flexion at 60°/s, right hip joint extension at 60°/s, left hip joint flexion at 180°/s, left hip joint extension at 180°/s, right hip joint flexion at 180°/s, right hip joint extension at 180°/s, trunk joint flexion at 60°/s, and trunk joint extension at 60°/s | |
Male | Kim and Lee, 2011 [23] | 14 | NR | ≥10 | 71.01 ± 11.15 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat, LBM, and thigh circumference); muscular strength (back strength, left hand grip, and right hand grip); muscular power (vertical jump); flexibility (backward flexion, sit and reach); agility (whole-body reaction time to light, whole-body reaction time to sound); and isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power, peak drop) |
Kim et al., 2012 [24] | 20 | NR | NR | 68.80 ± 8.29 | Physiques (height, body fat); muscular strength (back strength); muscular endurance (sit-up per 30 s); muscular power (vertical jump); flexibility (sit and reach); and cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max) | |
Kwon and Cho, 2017 [25] | 8 | 21.70 ± 1.50 | ≥10 | 66.50 ± 3.15 | Physiques (height, body fat, and thigh circumference); muscular strength (hand grip); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump, vertical jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (Harvard step test); flexibility (sit and reach); and balance (eyes-closed single-leg stance) | |
Kwon and Cho, 2019 [26] | 14 | 22.50 ± 1.56 | 10.45 ± 2.63 | 72.57 ± 2.20 | Physiques (height); agility (eyes-closed single-leg stance); muscular strength (left hand grip, right hand grip); muscular endurance (sit-up per 30 s); muscular power (standing long jump, vertical jump); flexibility (sit and reach); and agility (whole-body reaction time to sound) | |
Lee and Ham, 2018 [27] | 13 | 20.00 ± 1.08 | 6.23 ± 1.23 | 72.57 ± 11.12 | Physiques (height) | |
Monks, 2016 [28] | 17 | 19.78 ± 0.58 | 7.98 ± 2.13 | 74.46 ± 10.47 | Physiques (height, body fat, and LBM); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (vertical jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max, HRmax, and all-out duration time); flexibility (sit and reach); and isokinetic muscular strength (average power, relative peak anaerobic power, absolute peak anaerobic power, peak drop, left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 180°/s, left knee joint extension at 180°/s, right knee joint flexion at 180°/s, and right knee joint extension at 180°/s) | |
Moon et al., 2016 [29] | 11 | 19.64 ± 0.92 | NR | 74.29 ± 10.56 | Physiques (height) | |
Noh, 2015 [30] | 31 | 19.60 ± 0.20 | 7.80 ± 0.30 | 72.50 ± 1.70 | Physiques (height, BMI) | |
Park & Yang, 2020 [31] | 8 | 20.9 ± 1.06 | NR | 69.65 ± 2.35 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat); muscular endurance (sit-up per 30 s, sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump); isokinetic muscular strength (average power, relative peak anaerobic power, absolute peak anaerobic power, and peak drop) | |
Park, 2016 [32] | 29 | 18.87 ± 0.24 | NR | 70.09 ± 4.11 | Physiques (height, BMI, body fat, fat mass, and LBM); muscular strength (hand grip); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (20-m MST); flexibility (sit and reach); and agility (10-m two repeated run test) | |
Seo et al., 2015 [7] | 22 | 19.40 ± 0.95 | 9.50 ± 1.91 | 69.80 ± 9.46 | Physiques (height, body fat, fat mass, and LBM); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (20-m MST); flexibility (sit and reach); and isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power, and peak drop) | |
Male | Song et al., 2010 [33] | 10 | 19.40 ± 1.20 | NR | 69.30 ± 3.80 | Physiques (height, body fat, and fat mass); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max, HRmax); isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power, peak drop, left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 180°/s, left knee joint extension at 180°/s, right knee joint flexion at 180°/s, and right knee joint extension at 180°/s) |
Tak et al., 2019 [34] | 15 | 19.20 ± 0.78 | >6 | 74.87 ± 10.28 | Physiques (height); muscular strength (left hand grip, right hand grip); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max); flexibility (sit and reach); and agility (eyes-closed single-leg stance) | |
Yoo et al., 2015 [35] | 12 | 20.58 ± 0.79 | 11.08 ± 2.27 | 72.42 ± 9.96 | Physiques (height, body fat, and muscle mass); muscular power (standing long jump) | |
Yoo et al., 2011 [36] | 8 | 21.87 ± 1.12 | NR | 78.03 ± 8.80 | Physiques (height, body fat, and muscle mass); muscular power (standing long jump) | |
Female | Feng et al., 2020 [18] | 7 | 20.00 ± 0.82 | NR | 62.67 ± 6.35 | Physiques (height, BMI); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max); and isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power) |
Monks, 2016 [28] | 16 | 20.00 ± 0.83 | 8.16 ± 1.91 | 64.15 ± 8.49 | Physiques (height, body fat, and LBM); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (vertical jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max, HRmax, and all-out duration time); flexibility (sit and reach); and isokinetic muscular strength (average power, peak anaerobic power, peak drop, left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 180°/s, left knee joint extension at 180°/s, right knee joint flexion at 180°/s, and right knee joint extension at 180°/s) | |
Han, 2014 [37] | 22 | 19.13 ± 1.29 | 6.81 ± 1.78 | 59.86 ± 3.27 | Physiques (height, body fat, fat mass, and LBM); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (20-m MST); flexibility (sit and reach); isokinetic muscular strength (left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 120°/s, left knee joint extension at 120°/s, right knee joint flexion at 120°/s, right knee joint extension at 120°/s, left knee joint flexion at 240°/s, left knee joint extension at 240°/s, right knee joint flexion at 240°/s, right knee joint extension at 240°/s, left hip joint flexion at 30°/s, left hip joint extension at 30°/s, right hip joint flexion at 30°/s, right hip joint extension at 30°/s, left hip joint flexion at 60°/s, left hip joint extension at 60°/s, right hip joint flexion at 60°/s, right hip joint extension at 60°/s, trunk joint flexion at 60°/s, trunk joint extension at 60°/s, trunk joint flexion at 120°/s, and trunk joint extension at 120°/s) | |
Moon et al., 2016 [29] | 10 | 19.50 ± 1.10 | NR | 61.95 ± 8.73 | Physiques (height) | |
Female | Seo et al., 2015 [7] | 12 | 18.90 ± 1.24 | 8.90 ± 2.23 | 59.80 ± 6.56 | Physiques (height, body fat, fat mass, and LBM); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (20-m MST); flexibility (sit and reach); and isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power, peak drop) |
Song et al., 2010 [33] | 10 | 19.60 ± 1.30 | NR | 62.50 ± 7.20 | Physiques (height, body fat, and fat mass); cardiorespiratory endurance (VO2max, HRmax); and isokinetic muscular strength (relative peak anaerobic power, peak drop, left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 180°/s, left knee joint extension at 180°/s, right knee joint flexion at 180°/s, and right knee joint extension at 180°/s) | |
Song et al., 2015 [38] | 22 | 19.16 ± 1.33 | NR | 55.96 ± NR | Physiques (height, body fat, fat mass, LBM); muscular strength (hand grip); muscular endurance (sit-up per 60 s); muscular power (standing long jump); cardiorespiratory endurance (20-m MST); flexibility (sit and reach); and isokinetic muscular strength (left knee joint flexion at 60°/s, left knee joint extension at 60°/s, right knee joint flexion at 60°/s, right knee joint extension at 60°/s, left knee joint flexion at 120°/s, left knee joint extension at 120°/s, right knee joint flexion at 120°/s, right knee joint extension at 120°/s, left knee joint flexion at 240°/s, left knee joint extension at 240°/s, right knee joint flexion at 240°/s, right knee joint extension at 240°/s, trunk joint flexion at 60°/s, trunk joint extension at 60°/s, trunk joint flexion at 120°/s, trunk joint extension at 120°/s, trunk joint flexion at 240°/s, and trunk joint extension at 240°/s) |
Sex | Variables | Total Sample Size | Pooled Mean ± SD | Estimated Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Height | 430 | 178.00 ± 5.27 (cm) | ±0.28 |
Weight | 430 | 71.76 ± 11.84 (kg) | ±1.56 | |
Percentage of body fat | 236 | 12.67 ± 2.77 (%) | ±2.79 | |
BMI | 224 | 22.16 ± 1.51 (kg/m2) | ±0.89 | |
Female | Height | 99 | 168.49 ± 5.48 (cm) | ±0.64 |
Weight | 99 | 60.30 ± 5.88 (kg) | ±1.92 | |
Percentage of body fat | 82 | 23.25 ± 3.28 (%) | ±3.05 |
Sex | Variables | Total Sample Size | Pooled Mean ± SD | Estimated Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Hand-grip strength | 53 | 44.68 ± 4.38 (kg) | ±2.64 |
Back strength | 78 | 120.13 ± 19.59 (kg) | ±3.62 | |
Sit-up per 30 s | 62 | 30.52 ± 4.50 (times) | ±3.67 | |
Sit-up per 60 s | 141 | 57.41 ± 6.09 (times) | ±1.75 | |
Sit and reach | 203 | 15.95 ± 6.52 (cm) | ±5.63 | |
Backward flexion | 42 | 58.61 ± 6.87 (cm) | ±3.54 | |
VO2max | 129 | 52.71 ± 7.62 (mL/kg/min) | ±2.49 | |
HRmax | 67 | 179.95 ± 9.51 (bpm) | ±1.26 | |
20-m MST | 51 | 97.75 ± 6.63 (times) | ±1.86 | |
Standing long jump | 164 | 242.97 ± 13.90 (cm) | ±0.88 | |
Vertical jump | 117 | 54.54 ± 5.23 (cm) | ±1.74 | |
Whole-body reaction time (light) | 42 | 0.283 ± 0.027 (ms) | ±2.89 | |
Whole-body reaction time (sound) | 56 | 0.280 ± 0.032 (ms) | ±3.01 | |
Eyes-closed single leg stance | 65 | 35.70 ± 23.06 (s) | ±15.71 | |
Anaerobic average power | 73 | 534.70 ± 76.09 (watt) | ±3.26 | |
Peak anaerobic power (relative value) | 146 | 11.07 ± 1.31 (watt/kg) | ±1.92 | |
Peak anaerobic power (absolute value) | 73 | 720.08 ± 115.17 (watt) | ±3.67 | |
Peak drop | 119 | 48.71 ± 7.78 (%) | ±2.87 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle strength of the left knee joint (60°/s) | 94 | 127.30 ± 23.66 (Nm) | ±3.76 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle strength of the left knee joint (60°/s) | 94 | 208.27 ± 33.26 (Nm) | ±3.23 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle strength of the right knee joint (60°/s) | 94 | 131.13 ± 24.35 (Nm) | ±3.75 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle strength of the right knee joint (60°/s) | 94 | 214.13 ± 32.24 (Nm) | ±3.04 |
Sex | Variables | Total Sample Size | Pooled Mean ± SD | Estimated Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Sit-up per 60 s | 60 | 54.20 ± 6.84 (times) | ±3.19 |
Sit and reach | 72 | 21.33 ± 6.87 (cm) | ±7.44 | |
VO2max | 33 | 48.28 ± 5.68 (mL/km/min) | ±4.01 | |
20-m MST | 56 | 81.04 ± 12.32 (times) | ±3.98 | |
Standing long jump | 56 | 192.47 ± 14.25 (cm) | ±1.94 | |
Peak anaerobic power (relative value) | 45 | 9.22 ± 1.08 (watt/kg) | ±3.43 | |
Peak drop | 38 | 52.16 ± 6.14 (%) | ±3.74 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle strength of the left knee joint (60°/s) | 70 | 97.77 ± 14.84 (Nm) | ±3.56 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle strength of the left knee joint (60°/s) | 70 | 172.82 ± 24.80 (Nm) | ±3.36 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle strength of the right knee joint (60°/s) | 70 | 97.38 ± 15.93 (Nm) | ±3.83 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle strength of the right knee joint (60°/s) | 70 | 167.01 ± 25.70 (Nm) | ±3.61 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle endurance of the left knee joint (120°/s) | 44 | 75.77 ± 6.95 (Nm/s) | ±2.71 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle endurance of the left knee joint (120°/s) | 44 | 125.80 ± 15.84 (Nm) | ±3.72 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle endurance of the right knee joint (120°/s) | 44 | 73.62 ± 8.79 (Nm) | ±3.53 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle endurance of the right knee joint (120°/s) | 44 | 125.12 ± 15.65 (Nm) | ±3.70 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle power of the left knee joint (240°/s) | 44 | 58.30 ± 7.41 (Nm) | ±3.76 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle power of the left knee joint (240°/s) | 44 | 90.90 ± 11.91 (Nm) | ±3.87 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle power of the right knee joint (240°/s) | 44 | 56.36 ± 6.32 (Nm) | ±3.31 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle power of the right knee joint (240°/s) | 44 | 90.53 ± 11.42 (Nm) | ±3.73 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle strength of the trunk joint (60°/s) | 44 | 143.45 ± 23.46 (Nm) | ±4.83 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle strength of the trunk joint (60°/s) | 44 | 154.62 ± 30.41 (Nm) | ±5.81 | |
Isokinetic flexion muscle endurance of the trunk joint (120°/s) | 44 | 143.08 ± 29.51 (Nm) | ±6.09 | |
Isokinetic extension muscle endurance of the trunk joint (120°/s) | 44 | 140.91 ± 27.78 (Nm) | ±5.83 |
Sex | Variables | 95% CI | 1% | 5% | 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% | 95% | 99% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Height (cm) | 95% LV | 165.2 | 168.8 | 170.7 | 173.1 | 174.7 | 176.2 | 177.5 | 178.8 | 180.3 | 181.9 | 184.3 | 186.2 | 189.8 |
95% UV | 166.2 | 169.8 | 171.7 | 174.1 | 175.7 | 177.2 | 178.5 | 179.8 | 181.3 | 182.9 | 185.3 | 187.2 | 190.8 | ||
Weight (kg) | 95% LV | 43.1 | 51.2 | 55.5 | 60.7 | 64.4 | 67.6 | 70.6 | 73.6 | 76.9 | 80.6 | 85.8 | 90.1 | 98.2 | |
95% UV | 45.3 | 53.4 | 57.7 | 62.9 | 66.7 | 69.9 | 72.9 | 75.9 | 79.1 | 82.8 | 88.1 | 92.4 | 100.4 | ||
Percentage of body fat (%) | 95% LV | 18.8 | 16.9 | 15.9 | 14.7 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 5.9 | |
95% UV | 19.5 | 17.6 | 16.6 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 6.6 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 95% LV | 25.5 | 24.5 | 23.9 | 23.2 | 22.8 | 22.3 | 22.0 | 21.6 | 21.2 | 20.7 | 20.0 | 19.5 | 18.5 | |
95% UV | 25.9 | 24.8 | 24.3 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 22.0 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 20.4 | 19.9 | 18.8 | ||
Female | Height (cm) | 95% LV | 154.7 | 158.4 | 160.4 | 162.8 | 164.5 | 166.0 | 167.4 | 168.8 | 170.3 | 172.0 | 174.4 | 176.4 | 180.2 |
95% UV | 156.8 | 160.6 | 162.5 | 165.0 | 166.7 | 168.2 | 169.6 | 171.0 | 172.4 | 174.2 | 176.6 | 178.6 | 182.3 | ||
Weight (kg) | 95% LV | 45.5 | 49.5 | 51.6 | 54.2 | 56.1 | 57.7 | 59.1 | 60.6 | 62.2 | 64.1 | 66.7 | 68.8 | 72.8 | |
95% UV | 47.8 | 51.8 | 53.9 | 56.5 | 58.4 | 60.0 | 61.5 | 63.0 | 64.5 | 66.4 | 69.0 | 71.1 | 75.2 | ||
Percentage of body fat (%) | 95% LV | 30.2 | 27.9 | 26.7 | 25.3 | 24.3 | 23.4 | 22.5 | 21.7 | 20.8 | 19.8 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 14.9 | |
95% UV | 31.6 | 29.4 | 28.2 | 26.7 | 25.7 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 23.1 | 22.2 | 21.2 | 19.8 | 18.6 | 16.3 |
Sex | Variables | 95% CI | 1% | 5% | 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% | 95% | 99% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Hand-grip strength (kg) | 95% LV | 33.3 | 36.3 | 37.9 | 39.8 | 41.2 | 42.4 | 43.5 | 44.6 | 45.8 | 47.2 | 49.1 | 50.7 | 53.7 |
95% UV | 35.7 | 38.7 | 40.3 | 42.2 | 43.6 | 44.8 | 45.9 | 47.0 | 48.2 | 49.5 | 51.5 | 53.1 | 56.0 | ||
Back strength (kg) | 95% LV | 70.2 | 83.5 | 90.7 | 99.3 | 105.5 | 110.8 | 115.8 | 120.7 | 126.1 | 132.3 | 140.9 | 148.0 | 161.4 | |
95% UV | 78.9 | 92.2 | 99.4 | 108.0 | 114.2 | 119.5 | 124.5 | 129.4 | 134.8 | 141.0 | 149.6 | 156.7 | 170.1 | ||
Sit-up per 30 s (times) | 95% LV | 18.9 | 22.0 | 23.6 | 25.6 | 27.0 | 28.3 | 29.4 | 30.5 | 31.8 | 33.2 | 35.2 | 36.8 | 39.9 | |
95% UV | 21.2 | 24.2 | 25.9 | 27.8 | 29.3 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 32.8 | 34.0 | 35.4 | 37.4 | 39.0 | 42.1 | ||
Sit-up per 60 s (times) | 95% LV | 42.2 | 46.4 | 48.6 | 51.3 | 53.2 | 54.9 | 56.4 | 57.9 | 59.6 | 61.5 | 64.2 | 66.4 | 70.6 | |
95% UV | 44.2 | 48.4 | 50.6 | 53.3 | 55.2 | 56.9 | 58.4 | 60.0 | 61.6 | 63.5 | 66.2 | 68.4 | 72.6 | ||
Sit and reach (cm) | 95% LV | −0.1 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 13.4 | 15.1 | 16.7 | 18.5 | 20.5 | 23.4 | 25.8 | 30.2 | |
95% UV | 1.7 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 11.4 | 13.4 | 15.2 | 16.8 | 18.5 | 20.3 | 22.3 | 25.2 | 27.6 | 32.0 | ||
Backward flexion (cm) | 95% LV | 40.6 | 45.2 | 47.7 | 50.8 | 52.9 | 54.8 | 56.5 | 58.3 | 60.1 | 62.3 | 65.3 | 67.8 | 72.5 | |
95% UV | 44.7 | 49.4 | 51.9 | 54.9 | 57.1 | 59.0 | 60.7 | 62.4 | 64.3 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 72.0 | 76.7 | ||
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 95% LV | 33.7 | 38.9 | 41.6 | 45.0 | 47.4 | 49.5 | 51.4 | 53.3 | 55.4 | 57.8 | 61.2 | 63.9 | 69.1 | |
95% UV | 36.3 | 41.5 | 44.3 | 47.6 | 50.0 | 52.1 | 54.0 | 56.0 | 58.0 | 60.4 | 63.8 | 66.6 | 71.8 | ||
HRmax (bpm) | 95% LV | 155.6 | 162.0 | 165.5 | 169.7 | 172.7 | 175.3 | 177.7 | 180.1 | 182.7 | 185.7 | 189.9 | 193.3 | 199.8 | |
95% UV | 160.1 | 166.6 | 170.0 | 174.2 | 177.2 | 179.8 | 182.2 | 184.6 | 187.2 | 190.2 | 194.4 | 197.9 | 204.3 | ||
20-m MST (times) | 95% LV | 80.5 | 85.0 | 87.4 | 90.4 | 92.5 | 94.3 | 95.9 | 97.6 | 99.4 | 101.5 | 104.4 | 106.8 | 111.4 | |
95% UV | 84.1 | 88.7 | 91.1 | 94.0 | 96.1 | 97.9 | 99.6 | 101.3 | 103.0 | 105.2 | 108.1 | 110.5 | 115.0 | ||
Standing long jump (cm) | 95% LV | 208.5 | 218.0 | 223.0 | 229.1 | 233.6 | 237.3 | 240.8 | 244.4 | 248.1 | 252.5 | 258.7 | 263.7 | 273.2 | |
95% UV | 212.8 | 222.2 | 227.3 | 233.4 | 237.8 | 241.6 | 245.1 | 248.6 | 252.4 | 256.8 | 262.9 | 268.0 | 277.4 | ||
Vertical jump (cm) | 95% LV | 41.4 | 45.0 | 46.9 | 49.2 | 50.8 | 52.3 | 53.6 | 54.9 | 56.3 | 58.0 | 60.3 | 62.2 | 65.8 | |
95% UV | 43.3 | 46.9 | 48.8 | 51.1 | 52.7 | 54.2 | 55.5 | 56.8 | 58.2 | 59.9 | 62.2 | 64.1 | 67.7 | ||
Whole-body reaction time (light, ms) | 95% LV | 0.338 | 0.320 | 0.310 | 0.298 | 0.289 | 0.282 | 0.275 | 0.268 | 0.261 | 0.252 | 0.240 | 0.231 | 0.212 | |
95% UV | 0.355 | 0.336 | 0.326 | 0.314 | 0.306 | 0.298 | 0.292 | 0.285 | 0.277 | 0.269 | 0.257 | 0.247 | 0.229 | ||
Whole-body reaction time (sound, ms) | 95% LV | 0.346 | 0.324 | 0.313 | 0.299 | 0.288 | 0.280 | 0.272 | 0.263 | 0.255 | 0.245 | 0.230 | 0.219 | 0.197 | |
95% UV | 0.363 | 0.341 | 0.330 | 0.315 | 0.305 | 0.297 | 0.288 | 0.280 | 0.272 | 0.261 | 0.247 | 0.236 | 0.214 | ||
Eyes-closed single-leg stance (s) | 95% LV | −23.6 | −7.8 | 0.5 | 10.7 | 18.0 | 24.2 | 30.1 | 35.9 | 42.2 | 49.5 | 59.6 | 68.0 | 83.7 | |
95% UV | −12.3 | 3.4 | 11.7 | 21.9 | 29.2 | 35.5 | 41.3 | 47.1 | 53.4 | 60.7 | 70.9 | 79.2 | 95.0 | ||
Male | Anaerobic average power (watt) | 95% LV | 340.2 | 392.1 | 419.7 | 453.2 | 477.3 | 498.0 | 517.2 | 536.5 | 557.1 | 581.3 | 614.8 | 642.4 | 694.3 |
95% UV | 375.1 | 427.0 | 454.6 | 488.1 | 512.3 | 532.9 | 552.2 | 571.4 | 592.1 | 616.2 | 649.7 | 677.3 | 729.2 | ||
Peak anaerobic power (relative value, watt/kg) | 95% LV | 7.8 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 13.9 | |
95% UV | 8.2 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 14.3 | ||
Peak anaerobic power (absolute value, watt) | 95% LV | 425.7 | 504.2 | 546.1 | 596.7 | 633.3 | 664.5 | 693.7 | 722.8 | 754.1 | 790.6 | 841.3 | 883.1 | 961.6 | |
95% UV | 478.6 | 557.1 | 598.9 | 649.6 | 686.1 | 717.3 | 746.5 | 775.7 | 806.9 | 843.4 | 894.1 | 935.9 | 1014.4 | ||
Peak drop (%) | 95% LV | 29.2 | 34.5 | 37.3 | 40.8 | 43.2 | 45.3 | 47.3 | 49.3 | 51.4 | 53.9 | 57.3 | 60.1 | 65.4 | |
95% UV | 32.0 | 37.3 | 40.1 | 43.6 | 46.0 | 48.1 | 50.1 | 52.1 | 54.2 | 56.7 | 60.1 | 62.9 | 68.2 | ||
Left knee joint flexion (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 67.5 | 83.6 | 92.2 | 102.6 | 110.1 | 116.5 | 122.5 | 128.5 | 134.9 | 142.4 | 152.8 | 161.4 | 177.6 | |
95% UV | 77.0 | 93.2 | 101.8 | 112.2 | 119.7 | 126.1 | 132.1 | 138.1 | 144.5 | 152.0 | 162.4 | 171.0 | 187.1 | ||
Left knee joint extension (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 124.2 | 146.8 | 158.9 | 173.5 | 184.1 | 193.1 | 201.5 | 210.0 | 219.0 | 229.5 | 244.2 | 256.3 | 278.9 | |
95% UV | 137.6 | 160.3 | 172.4 | 187.0 | 197.5 | 206.6 | 215.0 | 223.4 | 232.4 | 243.0 | 257.6 | 269.7 | 292.4 | ||
Right knee joint flexion (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 69.5 | 86.1 | 95.0 | 105.7 | 113.4 | 120.0 | 126.2 | 132.4 | 139.0 | 146.7 | 157.4 | 166.3 | 182.9 | |
95% UV | 79.4 | 96.0 | 104.8 | 115.6 | 123.3 | 129.9 | 136.1 | 142.2 | 148.8 | 156.6 | 167.3 | 176.1 | 192.7 | ||
Right knee joint extension (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 132.6 | 154.6 | 166.3 | 180.5 | 190.7 | 199.4 | 207.6 | 215.8 | 224.5 | 234.8 | 248.9 | 260.6 | 282.6 | |
95% UV | 145.6 | 167.6 | 179.3 | 193.5 | 203.7 | 212.5 | 220.7 | 228.8 | 237.6 | 247.8 | 262.0 | 273.7 | 295.7 | ||
Female | Sit-up per 60 s (times) | 95% LV | 36.6 | 41.2 | 43.7 | 46.7 | 48.9 | 50.7 | 52.5 | 54.2 | 56.1 | 58.2 | 61.2 | 63.7 | 68.4 |
95% UV | 40.0 | 44.7 | 47.2 | 50.2 | 52.3 | 54.2 | 55.9 | 57.7 | 59.5 | 61.7 | 64.7 | 67.2 | 71.8 | ||
Sit and reach (cm) | 95% LV | 3.8 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 14.0 | 16.1 | 18.0 | 19.7 | 21.5 | 23.3 | 25.5 | 28.5 | 31.0 | 35.7 | |
95% UV | 6.9 | 11.6 | 14.1 | 17.1 | 19.3 | 21.2 | 22.9 | 24.7 | 26.5 | 28.7 | 31.7 | 34.2 | 38.9 | ||
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 95% LV | 33.1 | 37.0 | 39.1 | 41.6 | 43.4 | 44.9 | 46.3 | 47.8 | 49.3 | 51.1 | 53.6 | 55.7 | 59.5 | |
95% UV | 37.0 | 40.9 | 42.9 | 45.4 | 47.2 | 48.8 | 50.2 | 51.7 | 53.2 | 55.0 | 57.5 | 59.6 | 63.4 | ||
20-m MST (times) | 95% LV | 49.2 | 57.6 | 62.0 | 67.4 | 71.4 | 74.7 | 77.8 | 80.9 | 84.3 | 88.2 | 93.6 | 98.1 | 106.5 | |
95% UV | 55.6 | 64.0 | 68.5 | 73.9 | 77.8 | 81.1 | 84.3 | 87.4 | 90.7 | 94.6 | 100.1 | 104.5 | 112.9 | ||
Standing long jump (cm) | 95% LV | 155.6 | 165.3 | 170.5 | 176.7 | 181.3 | 185.1 | 188.7 | 192.3 | 196.2 | 200.7 | 207.0 | 212.2 | 221.9 | |
95% UV | 163.1 | 172.8 | 177.9 | 184.2 | 188.7 | 192.6 | 196.2 | 199.8 | 203.7 | 208.2 | 214.5 | 219.6 | 229.4 | ||
Peak anaerobic power (relative value, watt/kg) | 95% LV | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.4 | |
95% UV | 7.0 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 12.1 | ||
Female | Peak drop (%) | 95% LV | 35.9 | 40.1 | 42.3 | 45.0 | 47.0 | 48.7 | 50.2 | 51.8 | 53.4 | 55.4 | 58.1 | 60.3 | 64.5 |
95% UV | 39.8 | 44.0 | 46.2 | 48.9 | 50.9 | 52.6 | 54.1 | 55.7 | 57.3 | 59.3 | 62.0 | 64.2 | 68.4 | ||
Left knee joint flexion (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 59.8 | 69.9 | 75.3 | 81.8 | 86.5 | 90.5 | 94.3 | 98.1 | 102.1 | 106.8 | 113.3 | 118.7 | 128.8 | |
95% UV | 66.7 | 76.8 | 82.2 | 88.8 | 93.5 | 97.5 | 101.2 | 105.0 | 109.0 | 113.7 | 120.3 | 125.7 | 135.8 | ||
Left knee joint extension (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 109.3 | 126.2 | 135.2 | 146.1 | 154.0 | 160.7 | 167.0 | 173.3 | 180.0 | 187.9 | 198.8 | 207.8 | 224.7 | |
95% UV | 120.9 | 137.8 | 146.8 | 157.8 | 165.6 | 172.3 | 178.6 | 184.9 | 191.6 | 199.5 | 210.4 | 219.4 | 236.3 | ||
Right knee joint flexion (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 56.6 | 67.4 | 73.2 | 80.2 | 85.3 | 89.6 | 93.6 | 97.7 | 102.0 | 107.0 | 114.1 | 119.8 | 130.7 | |
95% UV | 64.1 | 74.9 | 80.7 | 87.7 | 92.8 | 97.1 | 101.1 | 105.1 | 109.5 | 114.5 | 121.5 | 127.3 | 138.2 | ||
Right knee joint extension (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 101.2 | 118.7 | 128.0 | 139.4 | 147.5 | 154.5 | 161.0 | 167.5 | 174.5 | 182.6 | 193.9 | 203.3 | 220.8 | |
95% UV | 113.2 | 130.8 | 140.1 | 151.4 | 159.6 | 166.5 | 173.0 | 179.5 | 186.5 | 194.7 | 206.0 | 215.3 | 232.8 | ||
Left knee joint flexion (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 57.5 | 62.3 | 64.8 | 67.9 | 70.1 | 72.0 | 73.7 | 75.5 | 77.4 | 79.6 | 82.6 | 85.1 | 89.9 | |
95% UV | 61.7 | 66.4 | 68.9 | 72.0 | 74.2 | 76.1 | 77.8 | 79.6 | 81.5 | 83.7 | 86.7 | 89.3 | 94.0 | ||
Left knee joint extension (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 84.3 | 95.1 | 100.8 | 107.8 | 112.8 | 117.1 | 121.1 | 125.1 | 129.4 | 134.5 | 141.4 | 147.2 | 158.0 | |
95% UV | 93.6 | 104.4 | 110.2 | 117.2 | 122.2 | 126.5 | 130.5 | 134.5 | 138.8 | 143.8 | 150.8 | 156.5 | 167.3 | ||
Right knee joint flexion (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 50.6 | 56.6 | 59.8 | 63.6 | 66.4 | 68.8 | 71.0 | 73.3 | 75.6 | 78.4 | 82.3 | 85.5 | 91.5 | |
95% UV | 55.8 | 61.8 | 65.0 | 68.8 | 71.6 | 74.0 | 76.2 | 78.4 | 80.8 | 83.6 | 87.5 | 90.7 | 96.7 | ||
Right knee joint extension (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 84.1 | 94.8 | 100.4 | 107.3 | 112.3 | 116.5 | 120.5 | 124.5 | 128.7 | 133.7 | 140.5 | 146.2 | 156.9 | |
95% UV | 93.3 | 104.0 | 109.7 | 116.6 | 121.5 | 125.8 | 129.7 | 133.7 | 137.9 | 142.9 | 149.8 | 155.5 | 166.1 | ||
Left knee joint flexion (240°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 38.9 | 43.9 | 46.6 | 49.9 | 52.2 | 54.2 | 56.1 | 58.0 | 60.0 | 62.4 | 65.6 | 68.3 | 73.4 | |
95% UV | 43.3 | 48.3 | 51.0 | 54.3 | 56.6 | 58.6 | 60.5 | 62.4 | 64.4 | 66.7 | 70.0 | 72.7 | 77.7 | ||
Left knee joint extension (240°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 59.7 | 67.8 | 72.1 | 77.4 | 81.1 | 84.4 | 87.4 | 90.4 | 93.6 | 97.4 | 102.6 | 107.0 | 115.1 | |
95% UV | 66.7 | 74.8 | 79.2 | 84.4 | 88.2 | 91.4 | 94.4 | 97.4 | 100.7 | 104.4 | 109.7 | 114.0 | 122.1 | ||
Right knee joint flexion (240°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 39.8 | 44.1 | 46.4 | 49.2 | 51.2 | 52.9 | 54.5 | 56.1 | 57.8 | 59.8 | 62.6 | 64.9 | 69.2 | |
95% UV | 43.5 | 47.8 | 50.1 | 52.9 | 54.9 | 56.6 | 58.2 | 59.8 | 61.5 | 63.5 | 66.3 | 68.6 | 72.9 | ||
Right knee joint extension (240°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 60.6 | 68.4 | 72.5 | 77.5 | 81.2 | 84.3 | 87.2 | 90.0 | 93.1 | 96.8 | 101.8 | 105.9 | 113.7 | |
95% UV | 67.3 | 75.1 | 79.3 | 84.3 | 87.9 | 91.0 | 93.9 | 96.8 | 99.9 | 103.5 | 108.5 | 112.7 | 120.5 | ||
Female | Trunk joint flexion (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 81.9 | 97.9 | 106.4 | 116.8 | 124.2 | 130.6 | 136.5 | 142.5 | 148.8 | 156.3 | 166.6 | 175.1 | 191.1 |
95% UV | 95.8 | 111.8 | 120.3 | 130.6 | 138.1 | 144.4 | 150.4 | 156.3 | 162.7 | 170.1 | 180.4 | 189.0 | 205.0 | ||
Trunk joint extension (60°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 74.9 | 95.6 | 106.7 | 120.0 | 129.7 | 137.9 | 145.6 | 153.3 | 161.6 | 171.2 | 184.6 | 195.7 | 216.4 | |
95% UV | 92.8 | 113.6 | 124.6 | 138.0 | 147.7 | 155.9 | 163.6 | 171.3 | 179.6 | 189.2 | 202.6 | 213.6 | 234.4 | ||
Trunk joint flexion (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 65.7 | 85.8 | 96.5 | 109.5 | 118.9 | 126.9 | 134.4 | 141.8 | 149.8 | 159.2 | 172.2 | 182.9 | 203.0 | |
95% UV | 83.2 | 103.3 | 114.0 | 127.0 | 136.3 | 144.3 | 151.8 | 159.3 | 167.3 | 176.6 | 189.6 | 200.3 | 220.4 | ||
Trunk joint extension (120°/s, Nm) a | 95% LV | 68.1 | 87.0 | 97.1 | 109.3 | 118.1 | 125.7 | 132.7 | 139.7 | 147.3 | 156.1 | 168.3 | 178.4 | 197.3 | |
95% UV | 84.5 | 103.4 | 113.5 | 125.7 | 134.6 | 142.1 | 149.1 | 156.2 | 163.7 | 172.5 | 184.7 | 194.8 | 213.7 |
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Kim, J.-W.; Nam, S.-S. Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189624
Kim J-W, Nam S-S. Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189624
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jeong-Weon, and Sang-Seok Nam. 2021. "Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189624