The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C): Psychometric Properties and Invariance of Italian Version in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Mini Mental State Examination
2.2.2. Montreal Cognitive Assessment
2.2.3. Frontal Assessment Battery
2.2.4. Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression
2.2.5. Apathy Evaluation Scale
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2. Descriptive Statistic Normality of Distribution and Factor Loading of Model 1
3.3. Convergent and Discriminant Validity
3.4. Multiple-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MCFA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Gender | No. | Age (Mean ± DS) | Mild AD (No.) | MCI (No.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental | |||||
Male | 34 | 75.62 ± 5.736 | 12 | 22 | |
Female | 73 | 76.03 ± 7.297 | 19 | 54 | |
Tot. | 107 | 75.90 ± 6.82 | 31 | 76 | |
Control | |||||
Male | 29 | 75.00 ± 6.984 | - | - | |
Female | 78 | 73.70 ± 6.841 | - | - | |
Tot. | 107 | 74.1 ± 6.87 | - | - |
χ2 | df | SRMR | RMSEA | RMSEA 90%-C.I. | CFI | TLI | AIC | BIC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 a | 241.388 * | 129 | 0.05 | 0.064 | 0.051–0.076 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 325.388 | 466.759 |
Model 2 b | 349.059 * | 132 | 0.05 | 0.096 | 0.086–0.108 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 472.059 | 603.332 |
Model 3 c | 404.847 * | 135 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.089–0.112 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 476.847 | 698.023 |
M | SD | Female (151) | Male (63) | Skewness | Kurtosis | Factor Loading Model 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
1. S/he is interested in things. | 1.90 | 0.89 | 1.86 | 0.91 | 1.91 | 0.89 | 0.80 | −0.07 | 0.905 |
2. S/he gets things done during the day. | 1.66 | 0.81 | 1.54 | 0.78 | 1.71 | 0.82 | 1.13 | 0.68 | 0.950 |
3. Getting things started on his/her own is important to him/her. | 1.92 | 0.99 | 1.81 | 0.99 | 1.96 | 0.99 | 0.78 | −0.56 | 0.500 |
4. S/he is interested in having new experiences. | 2.45 | 1.14 | 2.56 | 1.10 | 2.41 | 1.16 | 0.03 | −1.42 | 0.532 |
5. S/he is interested in learning new things. | 2.39 | 1.19 | 2.41 | 1.17 | 2.38 | 1.20 | 0.10 | −1.51 | 0.549 |
6. S/he puts little effort into anything. | 1.85 | 0.99 | 1.79 | 0.94 | 1.87 | 1.02 | 0.85 | −0.48 | 0.691 |
7. S/he approaches life with intensity. | 2.00 | 0.98 | 1.87 | 0.94 | 2.05 | 1.02 | 0.69 | −0.61 | 0.613 |
8. Seeing a job through to the end is important to her/him. | 1.45 | 0.70 | 1.30 | 0.56 | 1.51 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 1.66 | 0.719 |
9. S/he spends time doing things that interest her/him. | 1.84 | 0.88 | 1.89 | 0.83 | 1.82 | 0.92 | 0.74 | −0.36 | 0.810 |
10. Someone has to tell her/him what to do each day. | 1.71 | 0.94 | 1.63 | 0.88 | 1.74 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.22 | 0.797 |
11. S/he is less concerned about her/his problems than s/he should be. | 1.99 | 0.96 | 2.08 | 0.94 | 1.95 | 0.96 | 0.55 | −0.78 | 0.674 |
12. S/he has friends. | 1.79 | 0.96 | 1.67 | 0.86 | 1.83 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.13 | 0.901 |
13. Getting together with friends is important to her/him. | 1.62 | 0.82 | 1.54 | 0.74 | 1.66 | 0.85 | 1.16 | 0.56 | 0.740 |
14. When something good happens, s/he gets excited. | 1.43 | 0.714 | 1.46 | 0.69 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 1.56 | 1.68 | 0.749 |
15. S/he has an accurate understanding of her/his problems. | 1.72 | 0.78 | 1.89 | 0.90 | 1.65 | 0.71 | 0.90 | 0.32 | 0.630 |
16. Getting things done during the day is important to her/him. | 1.53 | 0.76 | 1.65 | 0.88 | 1.48 | 0.70 | 1.29 | 0.85 | 0.665 |
17. S/he has initiative. | 1.92 | 1.003 | 1.98 | 1.04 | 1.89 | 0.99 | 0.73 | −0.66 | 0.810 |
18. S/he has motivation. | 1.95 | 0.99 | 1.98 | 0.99 | 1.93 | 0.98 | 0.71 | −0.62 | 0.797 |
Control Group | Experimental Group | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||||
1. MMSE | 29.20 | 1.15 | 23.50 | 3.27 | 0.89 | - | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | −0.16 ** |
2. MoCA | 28.53 | 1.57 | 18.33 | 4.38 | 0.77 | 0.63 ** | - | −0.11 | 0.02 | −0.17 ** |
3. FAB | 16.24 | 1.33 | 11.31 | 3.28 | 0.87 | 0.52 ** | 0.55 ** | - | −0.09 | −0.22 ** |
4. Hamilton | 4.37 | 2.58 | 10.29 | 7.35 | 0.76 | 0.14 | 0.08 | −0.10 | - | 0.22 ** |
5. AES-C | 28.35 | 7.8 | 37.58 | 11.0 | 0.91 | −0.04 | 0.46 ** | −0.21 ** | 0.58 ** | - |
Model | χ2(df) | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA (90% CI) p Close | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Configural Invariance | 421.58 (258) | 0.91 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | - |
2. Metric Invariance | 449.52 (275) | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | 0.001 |
3. Scalar Invariance | 453.74 (278) | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | 0.000 |
4. Measurement error Invariance | 523.58 (300) | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | 0.002 |
5. Structural Variance Invariance | 553.11 (315) | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | 0.001 |
6. Structural Covariance Invariance | 566.02 (322) | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.06 (0.045–0.064) | 0.001 |
Model | χ2(df) | CFI | SRMR | RMSEA (90% CI) p Close | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Configural Invariance | 452.91 (256) | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.06 (0.051–0.069) | - |
2. Metric Invariance | 466.83 (273) | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.06 (0.054–0.080) | 0.000 |
3. Scalar Invariance | 481.56 (291) | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.06 (0.054–0.080) | 0.000 |
4. Measurement error Invariance | 501.16 (302) | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.06 (0.054–0.080) | 0.000 |
5. Structural Variance Invariance | 523.19 (317) | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.06 (0.054–0.080) | 0.000 |
6. Structural Covariance Invariance | 560.31 (325) | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.06 (0.054–0.080) | 0.000 |
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Furneri, G.; Platania, S.; Privitera, A.; Martelli, F.; Smeriglio, R.; Razza, G.; Maci, T.; Castellano, S.; Drago, F.; Santagati, M.; et al. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C): Psychometric Properties and Invariance of Italian Version in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189597
Furneri G, Platania S, Privitera A, Martelli F, Smeriglio R, Razza G, Maci T, Castellano S, Drago F, Santagati M, et al. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C): Psychometric Properties and Invariance of Italian Version in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189597
Chicago/Turabian StyleFurneri, Giovanna, Silvia Platania, Alessandra Privitera, Federica Martelli, Rossana Smeriglio, Grazia Razza, Tiziana Maci, Sabrina Castellano, Filippo Drago, Mario Santagati, and et al. 2021. "The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C): Psychometric Properties and Invariance of Italian Version in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189597