Morpho-Syntactic Deficit in Children with Cochlear Implant: Consequence of Hearing Loss or Concomitant Impairment to the Language System?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Current Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Measures
3.4. Coding
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | TD Children (n = 15) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chronological age | 6.7 years | 7.5 years | 7.5 years | M = 6.6 (SD = 0.3) |
Sex | female | female | female | 7 males (47%) and 8 females (53%) |
Hearing aids (age at first amplification) | 19 months | 21 months | 13 months | - |
Speech therapy (age at initiation) | 20 months | 21 months | 14 months | - |
Type of speech therapy | oral | oral | oral | - |
Age at CI surgery | 2.7 years | 3.7 years | 5.9 years | - |
CPM (raw score; percentile value) | 32; >95th | 29; >95th | 30; >95th | M = 21.1 (SD = 2.70); 90th |
Type of school | Traditional school education | Traditional school education | Traditional school education | Traditional school education |
Grade of school | grade I | grade I | grade I | grade I |
Maternal educational level | High level (high-school diploma) | High level (high-school diploma) | Low level (middle-school graduation) | 8 high level (53%), 7 low level (47%) |
TCGB | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Error Type | Error Raw Score | Percentile Value * | Error Raw Score | Percentile Value * | Error Raw Score | Percentile Value * |
Locative sentences | 0 | >50th | 3.5 | <10th | 0 | >50th |
Flexional sentences | 4.5 | <10th | 3 | <10th | 0 | >75th |
Active affirmative sentences | 0.5 | 10th | 1.5 | <10th | 0 | >50th |
Active negative sentences | 0.5 | 50th | 3.5 | <10th | 0 | >50th |
Passive affirmative sentences | 1.5 | 10th | 3 | <10th | 1 | 10th |
Passive negative sentences | 4.5 | <10th | 3.5 | <10th | 0.5 | 25th |
Relative sentences | 0 | >75th | 3 | <10th | 0 | >50th |
Dative sentences | 1 | 10th | 3.5 | <10th | 0 | >25th |
Total score | 12.5 | 10–25th | 24.5 | <10th | 1.5 | 50th |
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | TD Children (n = 15) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFLI * | Raw Score (z-Score; p-Value) | Raw Score (z-Score; p-Value) | Raw Score (z-Score; p-Value) | Raw Score (SD) | |
Lexical diversity | 370 (−1.29; 0.09) | 262 (−1.60; 0.05) | 828 (0.01; 0.49) | 824.2 (349.6) | |
Number of sentences | 122 (0.57; 0.28) | 85 (−0.027; 0.46) | 95 (0.04; 0.48) | 97 (43.2) | |
MLU | 3.03 (SD = 1.6) (−3.20; <0.001) | 3.08 (SD = 2.1) (−3.17; <0.001) | 8.7 (SD = 6.6) (−0.05; 0.48) | 8.8 (1.8) | |
Morphological errors | 48 (15.3; <0.001) | 47 (15.03; <0.001) | 5 (0.55; 0.48) | 3.4 (2.9) | |
Free | 32 | 35 | 1 | 1.9 (2.5) | |
Bound | 16 | 12 | 4 | 1.5 (1.5) |
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Benassi, E.; Boria, S.; Berghenti, M.T.; Camia, M.; Scorza, M.; Cossu, G. Morpho-Syntactic Deficit in Children with Cochlear Implant: Consequence of Hearing Loss or Concomitant Impairment to the Language System? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189475
Benassi E, Boria S, Berghenti MT, Camia M, Scorza M, Cossu G. Morpho-Syntactic Deficit in Children with Cochlear Implant: Consequence of Hearing Loss or Concomitant Impairment to the Language System? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189475
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenassi, Erika, Sonia Boria, Maria Teresa Berghenti, Michela Camia, Maristella Scorza, and Giuseppe Cossu. 2021. "Morpho-Syntactic Deficit in Children with Cochlear Implant: Consequence of Hearing Loss or Concomitant Impairment to the Language System?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189475