Effectiveness of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food in Improving the Developmental Potential and Weight of Children Aged under Five with Severe Acute Malnourishment in Pakistan: A Pretest-Posttest Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Baseline (Pretest) Assessment
2.3. Anthropometric Assessments
2.4. Developmental Assessment
2.5. Intervention
2.6. Follow-Up Assessments
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | <12 months | 55 (60.4) |
12–24 months | 24 (26.4) | |
>25 months | 12 (13.2) | |
Sex of child | Males | 38 (41.8) |
Females | 53 (58.2) | |
Monthly income (in PKR) | 15,000–35,000 | 35 (38.5) |
<15,000 | 56 (61.5) | |
Father’s education | No education | 51 (56.0) |
Primary and above | 40 (44.0) | |
Mother’s education | No education | 61 (67.0) |
Primary and above | 30 (33.0) | |
Immunization | Incomplete | 19 (20.9) |
Complete | 72 (79.1) | |
Episodes of illness in last six months | ≤7 | 42 (46.2) |
>7 | 49 (53.8) | |
Exclusive breastfeeding | Yes | 17 (18.7) |
No | 74 (81.3) | |
Complimentary feeding practices | Appropriate | 21 (23.1) |
Inappropriate | 70 (76.9) | |
Hygiene practices | Good | 6 (6.6) |
Poor | 85 (93.4) | |
Under-five siblings | 0–2 | 72 (79.1) |
3 and more | 19 (20.9) | |
Weight gain on RUTF in eight weeks | ≤15% | 12 (13.2) |
>15% | 79 (86.8) |
Milestones | Status of Milestone | Pretest | Posttest | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Gross motor | Normal | 58 | 63.7 | 73 | 80.2 | <0.001 |
Suspect | 33 | 36.3 | 18 | 19.8 | ||
Fine motor | Normal | 54 | 59.3 | 63 | 69.2 | 0.022 |
Suspect | 37 | 40.7 | 28 | 30.8 | ||
Personal/social | Normal | 34 | 37.4 | 50 | 54.9 | <0.001 |
Suspect | 57 | 62.6 | 41 | 45.1 | ||
Language | Normal | 62 | 68.1 | 72 | 79.1 | 0.002 |
Suspect | 29 | 31.9 | 19 | 20.9 | ||
Global Development | Normal | 33 | 36.3 | 54 | 60.0 | <0.001 |
Suspect | 58 | 63.7 | 36 | 40.0 |
Variables | Number of Visit | Mean (SD) |
Weight-for-length/height z-score | First Visit | −4.07 (1.27) |
Last Visit | −1.25 (1.99) | |
Weight (kg) | First Visit | 5.09 (1.54) |
Last Visit | 6.48 (1.58) | |
Variables | Paired t-test | p-value |
Weight-for-length/height z-score at first visit with z-score weight-for-height at last visit | −16.3 | <0.001 |
Weight at first visit with weight at last visit | −30.96 | <0.001 |
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Saleem, J.; Zakar, R.; Bukhari, G.M.J.; Naz, M.; Mushtaq, F.; Fischer, F. Effectiveness of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food in Improving the Developmental Potential and Weight of Children Aged under Five with Severe Acute Malnourishment in Pakistan: A Pretest-Posttest Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179060
Saleem J, Zakar R, Bukhari GMJ, Naz M, Mushtaq F, Fischer F. Effectiveness of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food in Improving the Developmental Potential and Weight of Children Aged under Five with Severe Acute Malnourishment in Pakistan: A Pretest-Posttest Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179060
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaleem, Javeria, Rubeena Zakar, Gul Mehar Javaid Bukhari, Mahwish Naz, Faisal Mushtaq, and Florian Fischer. 2021. "Effectiveness of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food in Improving the Developmental Potential and Weight of Children Aged under Five with Severe Acute Malnourishment in Pakistan: A Pretest-Posttest Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179060