New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0–10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Objectives and Hypotheses
- Develop growth tables that reflect the somatometric variables of children in Extremadura.
- Develop graphs that reflect the somatometric variables of children in Extremadura.
- Compare the average of these variables by sex.
- Determine if there are significant differences between boys and girls.
- Children born in different parts of the autonomous community of Extremadura between 2006 and 2016 were selected.
- It is assumed that we have a sufficiently representative sample of subjects to correctly elaborate the tables and growth curves. For this purpose, we used a convenience sample with a power of 95%.
- The weight and height of the subjects was obtained by their Primary Health Care Center.
- The normality of the variables studied is verified. If this is not the case, we must correct the asymmetry of the variable by the Two-Step Transformation Procedure described below, with the help of the statistical software SPSS.
1.2. Methodology
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures and Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
- Assign a fractional range to the variable and generate a new variable with this range assignment.
- Calculation of a new variable. This is acheived by selecting it in the function group panel GL Inverse and within this category “Idf. Normal”. This function requires three parameters: the variable generated in step 1, the mean, and standard deviation of the original variable.
Construction of a Percentile Table for the Variable Weight Using the GAMLSS Package in R
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Differences | Birth | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 36 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girl | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||
Original Weight | p-value | 0.200 | 0.191 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.060 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | NA | NA | 0.588 | 0.728 | NA | NA | 8.248 | NA | 0.520 | NA | 3.829 | 4.298 | |
Asymmetry | NA | NA | 0.892 | 0.834 | NA | NA | 0.040 | NA | 0.602 | NA | 1.209 | 1.388 | |
Original Height | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | NA | NA | 7.53 | −0.79 | 1.016 | −0.258 | 0.333 | 3.299 | 3.865 | 3.299 | 1.549 | 1.628 | |
Asymmetry | NA | NA | 1.23 | −0.837 | −0.577 | −1.358 | 0.143 | −0.461 | −0.167 | −0.350 | 0.499 | 0.556 | |
Treaty Weight | p-value | NA | NA | 0.200 | NA | NA | NA | 0.200 | NA | 0.009 | NA | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | NA | NA | −0.77 | −0.79 | −0.175 | −0.258 | −0.164 | −0.076 | −0.104 | −0.127 | −0.009 | −0.013 | |
Asymmetry | NA | NA | 0.011 | 0.001 | NA | NA | −0.143 | NA | 0.163 | NA | 0.008 | 0.020 | |
Treaty Height | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | NA | NA | −0.77 | −0.79 | −0.175 | −0.258 | −0.164 | −0.076 | −0.104 | −0.127 | −0.009 | −0.013 | |
Asymmetry | NA | NA | 0.006 | 0.005 | −0.020 | −0.035 | 0.002 | 0.055 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
Variables | Differences | 48 | 60 | 72 | 84 | 96 | 108 | 120 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girl | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girl | ||
Original Weight | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | 5.505 | 6.309 | 2.440 | 2.161 | 2.502 | 1.810 | 2.315 | 2.202 | 2.039 | 0.821 | 1.525 | 0.281 | 1.487 | 1.933 | |
Asymmetry | 1.460 | 1.622 | 1.078 | 1.065 | 1.366 | 1.296 | 1.289 | 1.254 | 1.319 | 1.030 | 1.245 | 0.829 | 1.125 | 1.243 | |
Original Height | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Kurtosis | 1.871 | 2.792 | 0.789 | 1.182 | 0.200 | 0.056 | 0.871 | 2.059 | −0.055 | −0.138 | 0.595 | −0.038 | 24.693 | 31.104 | |
Asymmetry | 0.493 | 0.672 | 0.130 | 0.296 | 0.134 | 0.088 | 0.239 | 0.401 | 0.009 | 0.107 | 0.059 | 0.001 | −2.273 | −2.616 | |
Treaty Weight | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.200 |
Kurtosis | −0.002 | −0.025 | −0.001 | −0.002 | −0.045 | −0.046 | −0.014 | −0.017 | −0.056 | −0.058 | −0.078 | −0.015 | −0.127 | −0.128 | |
Asymmetry | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 0.002 | −0.001 | |
Treaty Height | p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.200 |
Kurtosis | 0.004 | −0.019 | 0.006 | −0.003 | −0.005 | −0.010 | −0.012 | −0.012 | −0.062 | −0.063 | −0.077 | 0.014 | −0.121 | −0.123 | |
Asymmetry | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.027 | −0.001 | −0.001 |
Height | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Boys | Girls | p | ||
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | ||
Birth | 441 | 0.49 ± 0.27 | 376 | 0.48 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
3 Months | 1176 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 1031 | 0.52 ± 0.38 | <0.001 |
6 Months | 316 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 234 | 0.61 ± 0.31 | <0.000 |
12 Months | 397 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 335 | 0.68 ± 0.04 | <0.000 |
24 Months | 807 | 0.80 ± 0.44 | 627 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | <0.000 |
36 Months | 11,267 | 0.89 ± 0.37 | 9930 | 0.88 ± 0.38 | <0.000 |
48 Months | 8148 | 0.96 ± 0.04 | 7253 | 0.95± 0.04 | <0.000 |
60 Months | 22,461 | 1.04 ± 0.04 | 20,561 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 0.000 |
72 Months | 3682 | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 3189 | 1.10 ± 0.05 | 0.000 |
84 Months | 15,593 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 14,415 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 0.000 |
96 Months | 2235 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 2130 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 0.000 |
108 Months | 1338 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1275 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 0.005 |
120 Months | 656 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | 624 | 1.33 ± 0.08 | 0.159 |
Weight | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Boys | Girls | p | ||
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | ||
Birth | 441 | 3.2 ± 0.55 | 376 | 3.05 ± 0.25 | 0.000 |
3 Months | 1176 | 4.02 ± 0.92 | 1031 | 3.76 ± 0.86 | 0.000 |
6 Months | 316 | 6.71 ± 0.98 | 234 | 6.31 ± 0.95 | 0.000 |
12 Months | 397 | 8.54 ± 1.27 | 335 | 7.92 ± 1.28 | 0.000 |
24 Months | 807 | 10.94 ± 1.44 | 627 | 10.33 ± 1.54 | 0.000 |
36 Months | 11,267 | 12.90 ± 1.61 | 9930 | 12.48 ± 1.59 | 0.000 |
48 Months | 8148 | 15.00 ± 2.27 | 7253 | 14.65 ± 2.43 | 0.000 |
60 Months | 22,461 | 17.40 ± 2.52 | 20,561 | 17.00 ± 2.72 | 0.000 |
72 Months | 3682 | 20.23 ± 4.09 | 3189 | 19.91 ± 4.50 | 0.255 |
84 Months | 15,593 | 23.06 ± 4.50 | 14,415 | 22.75 ± 4.66 | 0.000 |
96 Months | 2235 | 27.37 ± 7.02 | 2130 | 26.72 ± 7.54 | 0.003 |
108 Months | 1338 | 31.12 ± 8.65 | 1275 | 30.53 ± 8.82 | 0.084 |
120 Months | 656 | 34.31 ± 9.27 | 624 | 33.67 ± 9.94 | 0.240 |
BMI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Boys | Girls | p | ||
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | ||
Birth | 441 | 13.04 ± 1.42 | 376 | 12.75 ± 1.39 | 0.003 |
3 Months | 1176 | 13.89 ± 1.86 | 1031 | 13.61 ± 1.94 | 0.001 |
6 Months | 316 | 16.66 ± 1.72 | 234 | 16.46 ± 1.75 | 0.179 |
12 Months | 397 | 17.15 ± 1.81 | 335 | 16.73 ± 2.00 | 0.003 |
24 Months | 807 | 16.79 ± 1.56 | 627 | 16.43 ± 1.72 | 0.000 |
36 Months | 11,267 | 16.06 ± 1.41 | 9930 | 15.85 ± 1.55 | 0.077 |
48 Months | 8148 | 15.96 ± 1.69 | 7253 | 15.81 ± 1.91 | 0.005 |
60 Months | 22,461 | 15.96 ± 1.65 | 20,561 | 15.84 ± 1.84 | 0.042 |
72 Months | 3682 | 16.24 ± 2.36 | 3189 | 16.13 ± 2.69 | 0.057 |
84 Months | 15,593 | 16.49 ± 2.39 | 14,415 | 16.43 ± 2.66 | 0.042 |
96 Months | 2235 | 17.52 ± 3.49 | 2130 | 17.31 ± 3.86 | 0.090 |
108 Months | 1338 | 18.18 ± 4.04 | 1275 | 18.09 ± 3.71 | 0.560 |
120 Months | 656 | 18.21 ± 4.03 | 624 | 18.41 ± 4.51 | 0.089 |
Age (Months) | Variables | P3 | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 | P97 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||
Birth | Weight | 2.14 | 2.05 | 2.50 | 2.32 | 2.86 | 2.66 | 3.24 | 3.08 | 3.59 | 3.42 | 3.93 | 3.73 | 5.43 | 4.72 |
Height | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 3.73 | 0.57 | 0.59 | |
3 | Weight | 2.28 | 2.08 | 2.81 | 2.67 | 3.42 | 3.16 | 4.02 | 3.75 | 4.61 | 4.37 | 5.22 | 4.87 | 5.80 | 5.32 |
Height | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.59 | |
6 | Weight | 4.67 | 4.53 | 5.43 | 5.07 | 6.09 | 5.73 | 6.71 | 6.33 | 7.49 | 6.89 | 7.91 | 7.46 | 8.39 | 8.17 |
Height | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.68 | |
12 | Weight | 5.92 | 5.49 | 6.89 | 6.25 | 7.70 | 7.03 | 8.59 | 7.92 | 9.38 | 8.67 | 10.13 | 9.59 | 10.96 | 10.44 |
Height | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.76 | |
24 | Weight | 8.28 | 7.37 | 9.12 | 8.31 | 9.92 | 9.23 | 10.89 | 10.34 | 11.90 | 11.45 | 12.86 | 12.33 | 13.83 | 13.25 |
Height | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.88 | |
36 | Weight | 9.92 | 9.41 | 10.86 | 10.39 | 11.90 | 11.33 | 12.95 | 12.42 | 14.00 | 13.53 | 14.94 | 14.61 | 15.86 | 15.61 |
Height | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.95 | |
48 | Weight | 10.82 | 10.01 | 12.09 | 11.32 | 13.49 | 12.80 | 15.07 | 14.53 | 16.47 | 16.27 | 17.92 | 17.83 | 19.36 | 19.36 |
Height | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.04 | |
60 | Weight | 12.66 | 11.92 | 14.11 | 13.40 | 15.67 | 15.11 | 17.35 | 16.97 | 19.06 | 18.83 | 20.60 | 20.53 | 22.12 | 22.23 |
Height | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.12 | |
72 | Weight | 12.41 | 11.44 | 15.05 | 14.24 | 17.30 | 16.88 | 20.10 | 19.89 | 22.95 | 23.08 | 25.43 | 25.90 | 27.73 | 28.43 |
Height | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.21 | |
84 | Weight | 14.71 | 13.75 | 17.17 | 16.80 | 20.03 | 19.34 | 22.92 | 22.66 | 26.00 | 26.00 | 28.77 | 28.76 | 31.47 | 31.54 |
Height | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.28, | 1.28 | |
96 | Weight | 13.34 | 12.62 | 17.64 | 16.92 | 22.11 | 21.44 | 27.21 | 26.84 | 32.17 | 32.14 | 36.54 | 36.53 | 40.95 | 40.41 |
Height | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.36 | 1.36 | |
108 | Weight | 15.60 | 12.92 | 20.60 | 18.44 | 25.16 | 24.70 | 30.71 | 31.03 | 36.83 | 36.62 | 42.66 | 41.60 | 48.15 | 46.35 |
Height | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 1.42 | |
120 | Weight | 16.55 | 14.46 | 22.69 | 20.32 | 27.78 | 26.66 | 34.46 | 33.57 | 40.79 | 40.15 | 46.65 | 46.48 | 52.48 | 52.45 |
Height | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.48 | 1.50 |
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Pardo-Galán, L.; Pastor-Cisneros, R.; Collado-Mateo, D.; Adsuar, J.C.; García-Gordillo, M.Á.; Bautista-Bárcena, L. New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0–10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178953
Pardo-Galán L, Pastor-Cisneros R, Collado-Mateo D, Adsuar JC, García-Gordillo MÁ, Bautista-Bárcena L. New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0–10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):8953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178953
Chicago/Turabian StylePardo-Galán, Luis, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Daniel Collado-Mateo, José Carmelo Adsuar, Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo, and Lucía Bautista-Bárcena. 2021. "New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0–10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178953
APA StylePardo-Galán, L., Pastor-Cisneros, R., Collado-Mateo, D., Adsuar, J. C., García-Gordillo, M. Á., & Bautista-Bárcena, L. (2021). New Growth Curves for Spanish Children (0–10 Years) in the Region of Extremadura. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 8953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178953