Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Outcomes and Predictor Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Respondents
3.2. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Unintentional Injuries
4. Discussion
4.1. Type and Causes of Unintentional Injuries
4.2. Risk Factors for Unintentional Injuries
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
4.4. Implications for Future Research
4.5. Public Health and Clinical Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Level | Projected Population for the Second Quarter of 2015 ¶ | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 12,022) | With Unintentional Injury (N = 1737, 14.4%) | Without Unintentional Injury (N = 10,285, 85.6%) | p-Value | Total (N = 6,080,200) | With Unintentional Injury (N = 879,557, 14.5%) | Without Unintentional Injury (N = 5,200,643, 85.5%) | ||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Gender | 0.082 | |||||||||||||
Male | 5665 | 47.1% | 852 | 49.1% | 4813 | 46.8% | 2,895,200 | 47.6% | 437,730 | 49.8% | 2,457,470 | 47.3% | ||
Female | 6357 | 52.9% | 885 | 51.0% | 5472 | 53.2% | 3,185,000 | 52.4% | 441,827 | 50.2% | 2,743,173 | 52.8% | ||
Age group | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
<35 | 3437 | 28.6% | 578 | 33.3% | 2859 | 27.8% | 1,763,000 | 29.0% | 295,338 | 33.6% | 1,467,662 | 28.2% | ||
35–54 | 4261 | 35.4% | 584 | 33.6% | 3677 | 35.8% | 2,204,200 | 36.3% | 303,886 | 34.6% | 1,900,314 | 36.5% | ||
55–74 | 3308 | 27.5% | 428 | 24.6% | 2880 | 28.0% | 1,629,500 | 26.8% | 210,231 | 23.9% | 1,419,269 | 27.3% | ||
75 or above | 1016 | 8.5% | 147 | 8.5% | 869 | 8.5% | 483,500 | 8.0% | 70,102 | 8.0% | 413,398 | 8.0% | ||
Employment status | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Employed (office-based/managerial/administrative) | 4935 | 41.1% | 774 | 44.6% | 4161 | 40.5% | 2,610,058 | 42.9% | 409,366 | 46.5% | 2,200,692 | 42.3% | ||
Employed (manual/physical work) | 1877 | 15.6% | 273 | 15.7% | 1604 | 15.6% | 935,067 | 15.4% | 135,884 | 15.5% | 799,183 | 15.4% | ||
Unemployed | 373 | 3.1% | 47 | 2.7% | 326 | 3.2% | 188,505 | 3.1% | 23,768 | 2.7% | 164,737 | 3.2% | ||
Retired | 2244 | 18.7% | 275 | 15.8% | 1969 | 19.1% | 1,076,285 | 17.7% | 132,084 | 15.0% | 944,202 | 18.2% | ||
Homemaker | 1623 | 13.5% | 205 | 11.8% | 1418 | 13.8% | 800,980 | 13.2% | 100,315 | 11.4% | 700,665 | 13.5% | ||
Student | 928 | 7.7% | 158 | 9.1% | 770 | 7.5% | 448,590 | 7.4% | 75,655 | 8.6% | 372,935 | 7.2% | ||
Other | 42 | 0.4% | 5 | 0.3% | 37 | 0.4% | 20,714 | 0.3% | 2,484 | 0.3% | 18,229 | 0.4% | ||
Marital status | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Single | 3575 | 29.7% | 586 | 33.7% | 2989 | 29.1% | 1,810,369 | 29.8% | 296,301 | 33.7% | 1,514,068 | 29.1% | ||
Married | 7159 | 59.6% | 952 | 54.8% | 6207 | 60.4% | 3,648,378 | 60.0% | 487,539 | 55.4% | 3,160,838 | 60.8% | ||
Divorced/Separated | 528 | 4.4% | 82 | 4.7% | 446 | 4.3% | 256,233 | 4.2% | 38,707 | 4.4% | 217,527 | 4.2% | ||
Widowed | 760 | 6.3% | 117 | 6.7% | 643 | 6.3% | 365,220 | 6.0% | 57,010 | 6.5% | 308,210 | 5.9% | ||
Immigrant background | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Born in Hong Kong | 7296 | 60.7% | 1134 | 65.3% | 6162 | 59.9% | 3,741,483 | 61.5% | 582,376 | 66.2% | 3,159,107 | 60.7% | ||
Immigrant has lived in Hong Kong for 7 years or more | 4215 | 35.1% | 548 | 31.6% | 3667 | 35.7% | 2,056,389 | 33.8% | 267,740 | 30.4% | 1,788,649 | 34.4% | ||
Immigrant has lived in Hong Kong for less than 7 years | 511 | 4.3% | 55 | 3.2% | 456 | 4.4% | 282,328 | 4.6% | 29,441 | 3.4% | 252,887 | 4.9% | ||
Educational background | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
No schooling/Pre-primary | 559 | 4.7% | 92 | 5.3% | 467 | 4.5% | 267,117 | 4.4% | 44,296 | 5.0% | 222,821 | 4.3% | ||
Primary | 1997 | 16.6% | 264 | 15.2% | 1733 | 16.9% | 937,393 | 15.4% | 123,876 | 14.1% | 813,517 | 15.6% | ||
Secondary | 6276 | 52.2% | 854 | 49.2% | 5422 | 52.7% | 3,154,145 | 51.9% | 426,853 | 48.5% | 2,727,292 | 52.4% | ||
University or above | 3190 | 26.5% | 527 | 30.3% | 2663 | 25.9% | 1,721,545 | 28.3% | 284,531 | 32.4% | 1,437,014 | 27.6% | ||
Monthly household income | 0.804 | |||||||||||||
Below 12,250 HKD | 2250 | 18.7% | 318 | 18.3% | 1932 | 18.8% | 1,079,607 | 17.8% | 151,972 | 17.3% | 927,635 | 17.8% | ||
12,250–24,499 HKD | 2959 | 24.6% | 433 | 24.9% | 2526 | 24.6% | 1,453,202 | 23.9% | 212,227 | 24.1% | 1,240,975 | 23.9% | ||
24,500 or above HKD | 6777 | 56.4% | 979 | 56.4% | 5798 | 56.4% | 3,529,926 | 58.1% | 512,155 | 58.2% | 3,017,771 | 58.0% | ||
Unanswered | 36 | 0.3% | 7 | 0.4% | 29 | 0.3% | 17,465 | 0.3% | 3,203 | 0.4% | 14,262 | 0.3% | ||
Doctor-diagnosed chronic conditions (excluding mental illness) | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Yes | 4795 | 39.9% | 801 | 46.1% | 3994 | 38.8% | 2,376,834 | 39.1% | 399,639 | 45.4% | 1,977,195 | 38.0% | ||
No | 7227 | 60.1% | 936 | 53.9% | 6291 | 61.2% | 3,703,366 | 60.9% | 479,918 | 54.6% | 3,223,448 | 62.0% | ||
Type of chronic condition (excluding mental illness) | ||||||||||||||
Cancer | 188 | 1.6% | 24 | 1.4% | 164 | 1.6% | 0.508 | 90,409 | 1.5% | 11,953 | 1.4% | 78,456 | 1.5% | |
Stroke | 179 | 1.5% | 36 | 2.1% | 143 | 1.4% | 0.030 * | 84,801 | 1.4% | 16,974 | 1.9% | 67,827 | 1.3% | |
Coronary heart disease | 261 | 2.2% | 42 | 2.4% | 219 | 2.1% | 0.445 | 126,564 | 2.1% | 20,061 | 2.3% | 106,503 | 2.1% | |
Respiratory disease | 307 | 2.6% | 80 | 4.6% | 227 | 2.2% | <0.001 * | 152,170 | 2.5% | 38,839 | 4.4% | 113,331 | 2.2% | |
Neurological disease | 26 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.3% | 21 | 0.2% | 0.487 | 12,151 | 0.2% | 2,433 | 0.3% | 9,717 | 0.2% | |
Diseases of the ears/nose/throat | 268 | 2.2% | 86 | 5.0% | 182 | 1.8% | <0.001 * | 133,237 | 2.2% | 43,371 | 4.9% | 89,866 | 1.7% | |
Thyroid disease | 255 | 2.1% | 50 | 2.9% | 205 | 2.0% | 0.018 * | 124,522 | 2.0% | 25,091 | 2.9% | 99,431 | 1.9% | |
Kidney disease | 81 | 0.7% | 21 | 1.2% | 60 | 0.6% | 0.003 * | 39,327 | 0.6% | 10,677 | 1.2% | 28,650 | 0.6% | |
Liver, stomach and intestinal diseases | 321 | 2.7% | 76 | 4.4% | 245 | 2.4% | <0.001 * | 162,151 | 2.7% | 38,503 | 4.4% | 123,648 | 2.4% | |
Congenital blood diseases | 211 | 1.8% | 54 | 3.1% | 157 | 1.5% | <0.001 * | 105,302 | 1.7% | 27,054 | 3.1% | 78,247 | 1.5% | |
Musculoskeletal diseases | 424 | 3.5% | 94 | 5.4% | 330 | 3.2% | <0.001 * | 206,724 | 3.4% | 46,615 | 5.3% | 160,109 | 3.1% | |
Immune diseases | 62 | 0.5% | 8 | 0.5% | 54 | 0.5% | 0.729 | 30,065 | 0.5% | 3,845 | 0.4% | 26,220 | 0.5% | |
Skin diseases | 368 | 3.1% | 96 | 5.5% | 272 | 2.6% | <0.001 * | 186,460 | 3.1% | 48,707 | 5.5% | 137,752 | 2.7% | |
High blood cholesterol | 1748 | 14.5% | 268 | 15.4% | 1480 | 14.4% | 0.256 | 873,170 | 14.4% | 134,208 | 15.3% | 738,962 | 14.2% | |
Hypertension | 2232 | 18.6% | 324 | 18.7% | 1908 | 18.6% | 0.920 | 1,079,450 | 17.8% | 155,657 | 17.7% | 923,793 | 17.8% | |
Diabetes | 694 | 5.8% | 101 | 5.8% | 593 | 5.8% | 0.936 | 332,739 | 5.5% | 48,456 | 5.5% | 284,283 | 5.5% | |
Eye disease | 1100 | 9.2% | 204 | 11.7% | 896 | 8.7% | <0.001 * | 529,707 | 8.7% | 98,526 | 11.2% | 431,181 | 8.3% | |
Hearing problem | 274 | 2.3% | 62 | 3.6% | 212 | 2.1% | <0.001 * | 131,116 | 2.2% | 29,479 | 3.4% | 101,637 | 2.0% | |
Doctor-diagnosed mental health condition | 0.016 * | |||||||||||||
Yes | 201 | 1.7% | 41 | 2.4% | 160 | 1.6% | 98,538 | 1.6% | 20,215 | 2.3% | 78,323 | 1.5% | ||
No | 11,821 | 98.3% | 1696 | 97.6% | 10,125 | 98.4% | 5,981,662 | 98.4% | 859,342 | 97.7% | 5,122,320 | 98.5% | ||
Physical activity (sufficient as recommended by WHO) † | 0.003 * | |||||||||||||
Sufficient | 10,480 | 87.2% | 1476 | 85.0% | 9004 | 87.5% | 5,305,260 | 87.3% | 749,814 | 85.2% | 4,555,446 | 87.6% | ||
Insufficient | 1542 | 12.8% | 261 | 15.0% | 1281 | 12.5% | 774,940 | 12.7% | 129,743 | 14.8% | 645,197 | 12.4% | ||
Smoking status | 0.195 | |||||||||||||
Never smoker | 8761 | 72.9% | 1237 | 71.2% | 7524 | 73.2% | 4,431,769 | 72.9% | 625,699 | 71.1% | 3,806,069 | 73.2% | ||
Former smoker | 1496 | 12.4% | 236 | 13.6% | 1260 | 12.3% | 748,128 | 12.3% | 118,066 | 13.4% | 630,062 | 12.1% | ||
Current smoker | 1765 | 14.7% | 264 | 15.2% | 1501 | 14.6% | 900,303 | 14.8% | 135,791 | 15.4% | 764,512 | 14.7% | ||
Alcohol consumption | 0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Never drinker | 2710 | 22.5% | 362 | 20.8% | 2348 | 22.8% | 1,327,721 | 21.8% | 178,152 | 20.3% | 1,149,568 | 22.1% | ||
Former drinker | 2041 | 17.0% | 274 | 15.8% | 1767 | 17.2% | 1,016,816 | 16.7% | 135,344 | 15.4% | 881,472 | 17.0% | ||
Non-harmful current drinker ‡ | 6859 | 57.1% | 1018 | 58.6% | 5841 | 56.8% | 3,523,179 | 58.0% | 522,801 | 59.4% | 3,000,377 | 57.7% | ||
Harmful current drinker ‡ | 412 | 3.4% | 83 | 4.8% | 329 | 3.2% | 212,485 | 3.5% | 43,260 | 4.9% | 169,225 | 3.3% | ||
Sleep hours | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
<6 h | 1186 | 9.9% | 252 | 14.5% | 934 | 9.1% | 588,199 | 9.7% | 125,071 | 14.2% | 463,129 | 8.9% | ||
6–8 h | 10,109 | 84.1% | 1374 | 79.1% | 8735 | 84.9% | 5,133,690 | 84.4% | 699,990 | 79.6% | 4,433,700 | 85.3% | ||
≥9 h | 727 | 6.1% | 111 | 6.4% | 616 | 6.0% | 358,311 | 5.9% | 54,497 | 6.2% | 303,814 | 5.8% | ||
Any sleep disturbance § | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||
Yes | 1289 | 10.7% | 303 | 17.4% | 986 | 9.6% | 640,132 | 10.5% | 149,708 | 17.0% | 490,425 | 9.4% | ||
No | 10,733 | 89.3% | 1434 | 82.6% | 9299 | 90.4% | 5,440,068 | 89.5% | 729,849 | 83.0% | 4,710,219 | 90.6% |
Main Cause of Injury | Sample Level | Projected Population for the Second Quarter of 2015 † | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top Three Most Severe Injury (N = 2745) | Most Severe Injury (N = 1737) | Second Most Severe Injury (N = 654) | Third Most Severe Injury (N = 354) | Top Three Most Severe Injury (N = 1,393,521) | Most Severe Injury (N = 879,557) | Second Most Severe Injury (N = 332,626) | Third Most Severe Injury (N = 181,339) | |||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Sprain | 656 | 23.9% | 463 | 26.7% | 140 | 21.4% | 53 | 15.0% | 334,754 | 24.0% | 235,974 | 26.8% | 71,163 | 21.4% | 27,618 | 15.2% |
Falls | 559 | 20.4% | 422 | 24.3% | 96 | 14.7% | 41 | 11.6% | 277,685 | 19.9% | 208,931 | 23.8% | 47,933 | 14.4% | 20,821 | 11.5% |
Being hit/struck | 542 | 19.7% | 303 | 17.4% | 154 | 23.6% | 85 | 24.0% | 272,480 | 19.6% | 152,108 | 17.3% | 77,577 | 23.3% | 42,794 | 23.6% |
Cutting/piercing | 428 | 15.6% | 220 | 12.7% | 124 | 19.0% | 84 | 23.7% | 219,913 | 15.8% | 112,624 | 12.8% | 64,034 | 19.3% | 43,256 | 23.9% |
Sport injuries | 343 | 12.5% | 199 | 11.5% | 93 | 14.2% | 51 | 14.4% | 178,651 | 12.8% | 103,994 | 11.8% | 48,065 | 14.5% | 26,592 | 14.7% |
Burns/Scald | 116 | 4.2% | 70 | 4.0% | 26 | 4.0% | 20 | 5.7% | 57,941 | 4.2% | 34,906 | 4.0% | 13,022 | 3.9% | 10,012 | 5.5% |
Pinch/Crush | 49 | 1.8% | 29 | 1.7% | 9 | 1.4% | 11 | 3.1% | 25,295 | 1.8% | 14,851 | 1.7% | 4831 | 1.5% | 5613 | 3.1% |
Animal bite | 21 | 0.8% | 7 | 0.4% | 8 | 1.2% | 6 | 1.7% | 10,715 | 0.8% | 3675 | 0.4% | 3965 | 1.2% | 3075 | 1.7% |
Traffic injuries | 20 | 0.7% | 18 | 1.0% | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.3% | 10,687 | 0.8% | 9406 | 1.1% | 618 | 0.2% | 663 | 0.4% |
Abrasion | 9 | 0.3% | 4 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.5% | 2 | 0.6% | 4260 | 0.3% | 1947 | 0.2% | 1418 | 0.4% | 895 | 0.5% |
Rust of iron powder fall in eye | 1 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 570 | 0.0% | 570 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Unknown | 1 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 570 | 0.0% | 570 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Sample Level | Projected Population for the Second Quarter of 2015 ‡ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Cause (N = 1737) | All Cause (N = 879,557) | ||||
N | % | N | % | ||
Part of body(-ies) injured † | |||||
Wrist, hand, finger | 495 | 28.5% | 251,905 | 28.6% | |
Ankle, foot, toe | 421 | 24.2% | 211,487 | 24.0% | |
Knee, lower leg | 418 | 24.1% | 211,340 | 24.0% | |
Lower back or lower spine (including waist) | 166 | 9.6% | 85,133 | 9.7% | |
Elbow, lower arm | 164 | 9.4% | 84,345 | 9.6% | |
Shoulder, upper arm | 101 | 5.8% | 51,978 | 5.9% | |
Head (other than eyes & face, but including ears) | 84 | 4.8% | 41,579 | 4.7% | |
Thigh | 57 | 3.3% | 28,683 | 3.3% | |
Neck | 31 | 1.8% | 15,856 | 1.8% | |
Abdomen or pelvis (excluding back and spine) | 28 | 1.6% | 13,949 | 1.6% | |
Hip | 24 | 1.4% | 11,812 | 1.3% | |
Face, including nose | 21 | 1.2% | 10,249 | 1.2% | |
Eye(s) | 19 | 1.1% | 9874 | 1.1% | |
Upper back or upper spine | 18 | 1.0% | 8653 | 1.0% | |
Chest (excluding back and spine) | 15 | 0.9% | 7719 | 0.9% | |
Tooth (teeth) | 7 | 0.4% | 3424 | 0.4% | |
Multiple parts | 1 | 0.1% | 596 | 0.1% | |
Location where injury was obtained | |||||
Home | 504 | 29.0% | 250,847 | 28.5% | |
Sport or athletics area | 289 | 16.6% | 151,160 | 17.2% | |
Transport area: public highway, street or road | 289 | 16.6% | 147,153 | 16.7% | |
Commercial area (non-recreational, e.g., offices) | 186 | 10.7% | 95,177 | 10.8% | |
Recreational area, cultural area or public building (e.g., shopping mall, restaurant, park, club house) | 139 | 8.0% | 69,749 | 7.9% | |
Industrial or construction area | 107 | 6.2% | 52,631 | 6.0% | |
School, educational area | 63 | 3.6% | 31,209 | 3.6% | |
Countryside | 55 | 3.2% | 27,782 | 3.2% | |
Unspecified place of occurrence | 48 | 2.8% | 24,939 | 2.8% | |
Transport area: others (e.g., bus terminal, MTR station, car park) | 41 | 2.4% | 21,088 | 2.4% | |
Medical service area | 12 | 0.7% | 5904 | 0.7% | |
Residential institution | 3 | 0.2% | 1402 | 0.2% | |
Farm or other place of primary production (e.g., livestock farming, fishery) | 1 | 0.1% | 515 | 0.1% | |
Work-related injury | |||||
Yes | 229 | 13.2% | 116,059 | 13.2% | |
No | 1508 | 86.8% | 763,498 | 86.8% |
Likelihood of Having Unintentional Injury | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Employment status (adults) | ||||
Employed (office-based/managerial/administrative) | 1.608 | (1.276,2.026) | <0.001 * | |
Employed (manual/physical work) | 1.563 | (1.235, 1.976) | <0.001 * | |
Unemployed | 1.119 | (0.769,1.628) | 0.558 | |
Retired | Ref | |||
Homemaker | 1.299 | (1.026,1.643) | 0.030 * | |
Student | 1.716 | (1.265,2.329) | 0.001 * | |
Immigrant background | ||||
Born in Hong Kong | 1.495 | (1.114,2.005) | 0.007 * | |
Immigrant, has lived in Hong Kong for 7 years or more | 1.294 | (0.954,1.755) | 0.098 | |
Immigrant, has lived in Hong Kong for less than 7 years | Ref | |||
Educational background | ||||
No schooling/Pre-primary | 1.383 | (1.034,1.851) | 0.029 * | |
Primary | 1.049 | (0.882, 1.247) | 0.588 | |
Secondary | Ref | |||
Tertiary | 1.175 | (1.024,1.347) | 0.021 * | |
Doctor-diagnosed chronic conditions (No conditions as Ref) | ||||
Respiratory disease | 1.629 | (1.239,2.143) | <0.001 * | |
Diseases of the ears/nose/throat | 2.200 | (1.667,2.902) | <0.001 * | |
Liver, stomach and intestinal diseases | 1.592 | (1.205,2.104) | 0.001 * | |
Congenital blood diseases | 1.582 | (1.135,2.205) | 0.007 * | |
Musculoskeletal diseases | 1.314 | (1.013, 1.704) | 0.040 * | |
Skin diseases | 1.513 | (1.173,1.951) | 0.001 * | |
Eye disease | 1.426 | (1.171,1.736) | <0.001 * | |
Hearing problem | 1.406 | (1.020,1.938) | 0.037 * | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Never | Ref | |||
Ex | 1.045 | (0.876, 1.247) | 0.624 | |
Non-harmful current † | 1.106 | (0.959,1.276) | 0.167 | |
Harmful current † | 1.516 | (1.136,2.023) | 0.005 * | |
Sleep disturbance ‡ | ||||
No | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.682 | (1.436,1.969) | <0.001 * | |
Sleep hour | ||||
<6 h | 1.383 | (1.173,1.631) | <0.001 * | |
6–8 h | Ref | |||
≥9 h | 1.130 | (0.907,1.406) | 0.276 |
Likelihood of Work-Related Injury | Likelihood of Sport-Related Injury | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 3.192 | (2.176,4.684) | <0.001 * | |||
Female | Ref | |||||
Age group | ||||||
<35 | 2.758 | (1.189,6.397) | 0.018* | |||
35–54 | 2.468 | (1.186,5.136) | 0.016* | |||
55–74 | Ref | |||||
Employment status (adults) | ||||||
Employed (office-based/managerial/administrative) | Ref | 3.171 | (1.580,6.364) | 0.001 * | ||
Employed (manual/physical work) | 2.511 | (1.677,3.759) | <0.001 * | Ref | ||
Unemployed | 1.989 | (0.563,7.032) | 0.286 | |||
Retired | 1.079 | (0.261,4.454) | 0.917 | |||
Homemaker | 1.775 | (0.554,5.687) | 0.334 | |||
Student | 8.259 | (3.760,18.144) | <0.001 * | |||
Immigrant background | ||||||
Born in Hong Kong | 2.247 | (1.536,3.287) | <0.001 * | |||
Immigrant, has lived in Hong Kong for 7 years or more | 3.433 | (1.339,8.799) | 0.010 * | |||
Immigrant, has lived in Hong Kong for less than 7 years | Ref | |||||
Educational background | ||||||
No schooling/Pre-primary | (No observation) | |||||
Primary | 2.396 | (1.154,4.972) | 0.019 * | |||
Secondary | 2.366 | (1.502,3.726) | <0.001 * | |||
Tertiary | Ref | |||||
Physical activity (sufficient as recommended by WHO) | ||||||
Yes | 3.019 | (1.572,5.799) | 0.001 * | Ref | ||
No | Ref | 2.735 | (1.328,5.633) | 0.006 * | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Never smoker | 2.239 | (1.275,3.933) | 0.005 * | 2.326 | (1.254,4.312) | 0.007 * |
Current smoker | 1.148 | (0.675,1.953) | 0.611 | Ref | ||
Former smoker | Ref | 2.408 | (1.184,4.898) | 0.015 * | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never drinker | Ref | |||||
Former drinker | 1.371 | (0.692,2.718) | 0.366 | |||
Non-harmful current drinker † | 1.417 | (0.839,2.392) | 0.192 | |||
Harmful current drinker † | 2.373 | (1.050,5.362) | 0.038 * |
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Tang, E.H.M.; Bedford, L.E.; Yu, E.Y.T.; Tse, E.T.Y.; Dong, W.; Wu, T.; Cheung, B.M.Y.; Wong, C.K.H.; Lam, C.L.K. Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168826
Tang EHM, Bedford LE, Yu EYT, Tse ETY, Dong W, Wu T, Cheung BMY, Wong CKH, Lam CLK. Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168826
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Eric Ho Man, Laura Elizabeth Bedford, Esther Yee Tak Yu, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Weinan Dong, Tingting Wu, Bernard Man Yung Cheung, Carlos King Ho Wong, and Cindy Lo Kuen Lam. 2021. "Unintentional Injury Burden in Hong Kong: Results from a Representative Population-Based Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168826