Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increases the Risk of Mortality among Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Design and Population
2.3. Variables Definitions and Outcome Measurement
2.4. Propensity Score Matching
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Causes a Higher Mortality Rate in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Before Matching | After Matching a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-COPD | COPD | p-Value * | Non-COPD | COPD | p-Value * | |
(n = 26,160) | (n = 5736) | (n = 9138) | (n = 4569) | |||
Sex | <0.001 | 0.466 | ||||
Female | 12,506 (47.81) | 2338 (40.76) | 4102 (44.89) | 2021 (44.23) | ||
Male | 13,654 (52.19) | 3398 (59.24) | 5036 (55.11) | 2548 (55.77) | ||
Age, year (mean ± SD) | 63.47 ± 13.52 | 73.67 ± 11.04 | <0.001 | 70.97 ± 10.72 | 71.93 ± 11.33 | <0.001 b |
Age-group, year | <0.001 | 0.950 | ||||
20–29 | 174 (0.66) | 1 (0.02) | 2 (0.02) | 1 (0.02) | ||
30–39 | 1021 (3.9) | 23 (0.40) | 48 (0.53) | 23 (0.51) | ||
40–49 | 2570 (9.82) | 120 (2.09) | 224 (2.45) | 120 (2.63) | ||
50–59 | 6602 (25.22) | 537 (9.36) | 1040 (11.38) | 537 (11.75) | ||
60–69 | 6703 (25.6) | 1147 (20) | 2299 (25.16) | 1124 (24.6) | ||
>70 | 9090 (34.72) | 3908 (68.13) | 5525 (60.46) | 2764 (60.49) | ||
Cancer stage (pathology) | <0.001 | 0.506 | ||||
Stage I | 6302 (24.09) | 1330 (23.19) | 2110 (23.09) | 1093 (23.92) | ||
Stage II | 6150 (23.51) | 1301 (22.68) | 2165 (23.69) | 1037 (22.7) | ||
Stage III | 6963 (26.62) | 1472 (25.66) | 2402 (26.29) | 1194 (26.13) | ||
Stage IV | 6745 (25.78) | 1633 (28.47) | 2461 (26.93) | 1245 (27.25) | ||
Comorbidity | ||||||
DM | 6900 (26.38) | 2268 (39.54) | <0.001 | 3344 (36.59) | 1671 (36.57) | 0.980 |
Type I DM | 266 (1.02) | 97 (1.69) | <0.001 | 107 (1.17) | 67 (1.47) | 0.145 |
Type II DM | 6702 (25.62) | 2196 (38.28) | <0.001 | 3274 (35.83) | 1619 (35.43) | 0.650 |
Hypertension | 13,233 (50.58) | 4426 (77.16) | <0.001 | 6653 (72.81) | 3286 (71.92) | 0.273 |
Hyperlipidemia | 8780 (33.56) | 2648 (46.16) | <0.001 | 4066 (44.5) | 2050 (44.87) | 0.680 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 5132 (19.62) | 2559 (44.61) | <0.001 | 3026 (33.11) | 1506 (32.96) | 0.857 |
Congestive heart failure | 1576 (6.02) | 1143 (19.93) | <0.001 | 640 (7) | 354 (7.75) | 0.113 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1252 (4.79) | 563 (9.82) | <0.001 | 587 (6.42) | 334 (7.31) | 0.051 |
Liver diseases | 7010 (26.8) | 2102 (36.65) | <0.001 | 3002 (32.85) | 1494 (32.7) | 0.857 |
Variables | No. of Death | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p-Value | HR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
COPD | |||||||||
No | 3534 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||||
Yes | 1943 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 1.26 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.19 | 1.33 | <0.001 |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 2469 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||||
Male | 3008 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.03 | 0.409 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.015 |
Age-group, year | |||||||||
20–29 | 2 | 1.26 | 0.32 | 5.04 | 0.743 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 1.30 | 0.111 |
30–39 | 30 | 0.79 | 0.55 | 1.13 | 0.199 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.004 |
40–49 | 143 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.92 | 0.004 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.74 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 449 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
60–69 | 1071 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.64 | <0.001 |
>70 | 3782 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||||
Cancer stage (pathology) | |||||||||
Stage I | 360 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||||||
Stage II | 724 | 2.21 | 1.95 | 2.51 | <0.001 | 1.95 | 1.72 | 2.21 | <0.001 |
Stage III | 1366 | 4.02 | 3.58 | 4.52 | <0.001 | 3.71 | 3.30 | 4.17 | <0.001 |
Stage IV | 3027 | 18.18 | 16.27 | 20.30 | <0.001 | 17.25 | 15.43 | 19.28 | <0.001 |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
DM | 2026 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 0.054 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 1.13 | 0.246 |
Type I DM | 67 | 0.97 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 0.782 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 1.06 | 0.140 |
Type II DM | 1979 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.039 | 1.33 | 1.00 | 1.78 | 0.053 |
Hypertension | 3983 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.060 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 0.459 |
Hyperlipidemia | 2214 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.87 | <0.001 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 1743 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.057 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 0.283 |
Congestive heart failure | 428 | 1.25 | 1.13 | 1.38 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.30 | 1.59 | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 364 | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.29 | 0.006 | 1.28 | 1.15 | 1.42 | <0.001 |
Liver diseases | 1712 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 0.010 |
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Cheng, W.-J.; Chiang, C.-C.; Peng, M.-T.; Huang, Y.-T.; Huang, J.-L.; Chang, S.-H.; Yang, H.-T.; Chen, W.-C.; Kuo, J.-J.; Hwang, T.-L. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increases the Risk of Mortality among Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168742
Cheng W-J, Chiang C-C, Peng M-T, Huang Y-T, Huang J-L, Chang S-H, Yang H-T, Chen W-C, Kuo J-J, Hwang T-L. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increases the Risk of Mortality among Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168742
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Wei-Jen, Chih-Chao Chiang, Meng-Ting Peng, Yu-Tung Huang, Jhen-Ling Huang, Shang-Hung Chang, Hsuan-Tzu Yang, Wei-Chun Chen, Jong-Jen Kuo, and Tsong-Long Hwang. 2021. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increases the Risk of Mortality among Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168742