Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.3. External Monitoring Measures
2.4. Data Collection by Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Groups | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMAcZ1 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 3.25 ± 0.62 Non-starters: 2.18 ± 1.14 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | 0.002 | 2.60 [1.41 to 3.79] |
Non-starters | 0.016 | 1.24 [0.33 to 2.16] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.010 | 2.13 [1.03 to 3.23] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 1.87 ± 0.36 Non-starters: 1.13 ± 0.13 | Non-starters | 0.016 | 1.19 [0.28 to 2.10] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.320 | 1.04 [0.11 to 1.98] | |||
Non-starters | 0.020 | 1.42 [0.49 to 2.36] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 2.12 ± 0.37 Non-starters: 1.15 ± 0.27 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.143 | −0.64 [−1.54 to 0.26] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | −0.10 [−0.94 to 0.74] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.003 | −0.95 [−1.88 to −0.03] | |||
End-season | Starters: 2.48 ± 0.79 Non-starters: 0.98 ± 0.13 | Non-starters | >0.999 | 1.15 [0.25 to 2.05] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.021 | –0.57 [–1.46 to 0.33] | |||
Non-starters | 0.679 | 0.78 [–0.09 to 1.65] | ||||
TSAcZ1 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 1288.97 ± 265.15 Non-starters: 765.44 ± 547.51 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | 0.002 | 2.76 [1.54 to 3.98] |
Non-starters | 0.022 | 1.13 [0.23 to 2.03] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.003 | 2.68 [1.47 to 3.88] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 659.98 ± 158.04 Non-starters: 306.50 ± 63.24 | Non-starters | 0.013 | 1.18 [0.27 to 2.09] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.039 | 1.74 [0.71 to 2.76] | |||
Non-starters | 0.013 | 1.36 [0.43 to 2.29] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 683.62 ± 153.10 Non-starters: 282.55 ± 101.83 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | –0.15 [–1.02 to 0.73] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.27 [−0.57 to 1.11] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.114 | −0.56 [−1.45 to 0.33] | |||
End-season | Starters: 793.44 ± 281.32 Non-starters: 216.63 ± 47.49 | Non-starters | 0.515 | 1.55 [0.59 to 2.50] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.047 | −0.46 [−1.35 to 0.42] | |||
Non-starters | 0.463 | 0.80 [−0.47 to 1.67] |
Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Groups | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMAcZ2 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 1.82 ± 0.26 Non-starters: 1.19 ± 0.39 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.18 [−0.70 to 1.06] |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.36 [−0.48 to 1.20] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.20 [−1.08 to 0.68] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 1.76 ± 0.36 Non-starters: 1.09 ± 0.12 | Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.24 [−0.59 to 1.08] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.365 | −0.63 [−1.53 to 0.27] | |||
Non-starters | 0.387 | 0.90 [0.02 to 1.77] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 1.87 ± 0.27 Non-starters: 1.11 ± 0.27 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.980 | −0.34 [−1.22 to 0.54] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | −0.11 [−0.94 to 0.73] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.013 | −0.70 [−1.61 to 0.20] | |||
End-season | Starters: 2.10 ± 0.55 Non-starters: 0.93 ± 0.10 | Non-starters | 0.630 | 1.32 [0.40 to 2.24] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.174 | −0.51 [−1.40 to 0.39] | |||
Non-starters | 0.389 | 0.85 [−0.03 to 1.72] | ||||
TSAcZ2 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 209.71 ± 38.04 Non-starters: 112.24 ± 71.12 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.45 [−0.44 to 1.33] |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.26 [−0.58 to 1.10] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.51 [−0.38 to 1.40] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 187.65 ± 55.12 Non-starters: 97.81 ± 23.62 | Non-starters | 0.704 | 0.44 [−0.40 to 1.28] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.04 [−0.83 to 0.92] | |||
Non-starters | 0.114 | 0.89 [0.02 to 1.77] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 188.62 ± 41.45 Non-starters: 87.19 ± 31.90 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.02 [−0.90 to 0.86] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.36 [−0.48 to 1.21] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.870 | −0.35 [−1.23 to 0.54] | |||
End-season | Starters: 207.53 ± 54.59 Non-starters: 64.75 ± 12.88 | Non-starters | 0.094 | 1.67 [0.70 to 2.64] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.227 | −0.37 [−1.26 to 0.51] | |||
Non-starters | 0.072 | 0.89 [0.01 to 1.76] |
Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Group | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMAcZ3 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 0.94 ± 0.10 Non-starters: 0.70 ± 0.13 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.05 [−0.93 to 0.83] |
Non-starters | 0.161 | −0.84 [−1.74 to 0.03] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.39 [−1.28 to 0.49] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 0.95 ± 0.14 Non-starters: 0.80 ± 0.11 | Non-starters | 0.678 | −0.51 [−1.36 to 0.34] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.083 | −0.83 [−1.74 to 0.08] | |||
Non-starters | >0.999 | −0.03 [−0.87 to 0.80] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 0.98 ± 0.09 Non-starters: 0.78 ± 0.18 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.27 [−1.15 to 0.61] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.13 [−0.70 to 0.97] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.258 | −0.68 [−1.58 to 0.22] | |||
End-season | Starters: 1.05 ± 0.14 Non-starters: 0.70 ± 0.09 | Non-starters | 0.241 | 0.96 [0.08 to 1.84] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.53 [−1.42 to 0.36] | |||
Non-starters | 0.767 | 0.53 [−0.32 to 1.38] | ||||
TSAcZ3 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 8.09 ± 2.40 Non-starters: 4.86 ± 2.59 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | 0.158 | −0.71 [−1.96 to 0.19] |
Non-starters | 0.056 | −0.93 [−1.81 to −0.05] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.221 | −0.73 [−1.63 to 0.18] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 10.17 ± 3.14 Non-starters: 7.24 ± 2.31 | Non-starters | 0.432 | −0.50 [−1.38 to 0.35] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.008 | −1.02 [−1.95 to −0.09] | |||
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.24 [−0.60 to 1.08] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 9.65 ± 1.60 Non-starters: 6.12 ± 2.25 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.20 −0.68 to 1.08] | |
Non-starters | 0.857 | 0.47 [−0.37 to 1.32] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.15 [−1.03 to 0.72] | |||
End-season | Starters: 10.61 ± 2.31 Non-starters: 4.35 ± 1.23 | Non-starters | 0.011 | 1.50 [0.56 to 2.45] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.46 [−1.35 to 0.43] | |||
Non-starters | 0.118 | 0.93 [0.05 to 1.82] |
Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Groups | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMDcZ1 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 1.82 ± 0.19 Non-starters: 1.31 ± 0.44 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.07 [−0.81 to 0.95] |
Non-starters | 0.626 | 0.64 [−0.22 to 1.50] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.65 [−1.55 to 0.25] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 1.80 ± 0.33 Non-starters: 1.09 ± 0.16 | Non-starters | 0.176 | 0.68 [−0.18 to 1.54] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.045 | −0.99 [−1.98 to −0.06] | |||
Non-starters | 0.202 | 1.10 [0.21 to 2.00] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 1.98 ± 0.27 Non-starters: 1.06 ± 0.22 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.161 | −0.57 [−1.46 to 0.33] | |
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.14 [–0.70 to 0.97] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.001 | −0.96 [−1.88 to −0.03] | |||
End-season | Starters: 2.33 ± 0.67 Non-starters: 0.94 ± 0.12 | Non-starters | 0.966 | 1.03 [0.14 to 1.92] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.042 | −0.66 [−1.56 to 0.26] | |||
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.67 [−0.19 to 1.53] | ||||
TSDcZ1 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 349.37 ± 42.58 Non-starters: 208.15 ± 116.22 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.54 [−0.35 to 1.43] |
Non-starters | 0.415 | 0.64 [−0.22 to 1.49] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.69 [−0.21 to 1.60] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 315.25 ± 74.37 Non-starters: 151.32 ± 35.13 | Non-starters | 0.030 | 0.95 [0.07 to 1.83] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | >0.999 | −0.26 [−1.15 to 0.62] | |||
Non-starters | 0.023 | 1.21 [0.30 to 2.12] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 310.75 ± 62.22 Non-starters: 122.72 ± 38.47 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | >0.999 | 0.06 [−0.81 to 0.94] | |
Non-starters | 0.591 | 0.75 [−0.12 to 1.61] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.059 | −0.57 [−1.47 to 0.32] | |||
End-season | Starters: 373.32 ± 114.88 Non-starters: 103.09 ± 22.17 | Non-starters | 0.132 | 1.58 [0.62 to 2.54] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.018 | −0.65 [−1.54 to 0.25] | |||
Non-starters | >0.999 | 0.60 [−0.25 to 1.46] |
Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Groups | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMDcZ2 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 1.56 ± 0.19 Non-starters: 1.07 ± 0.32 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.03 [−0.85 to 0.91] |
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.40 [–0.44 to 1.24] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | <0.999 | –0.38 [–1.26 to 0.50] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 1.56 ± 0.26 Non-starters: 0.97 ± 0.11 | Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.22 [–0.62 to 1.05] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.467 | –0.60 [–1.50 to 0.30] | |||
Non-starters | 0.238 | 0.77 [–0.09 to 1.64] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 1.65 ± 0.24 Non-starters: 1.01 ± 0.17 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.725 | –0.35 [–1.24 to 0.53] | |
Non-starters | <0.999 | –0.27 [–1.11 to 0.57] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.093 | –0.57 [–1.46 to 0.33] | |||
End-season | Starters: 1.73 ± 0.33 Non-starters: 0.88 ± 0.12 | Non-starters | 0.942 | 0.78 [−0.08 to 1.65] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.28 [−1.16 to 0.60] | |||
Non-starters | 0.561 | 0.87 [−0.001 to 1.75] | ||||
TSDcZ2 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 94.91 ± 24.53 Non-starters: 50.88 ± 29.47 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.32 [−0.56 to 1.21] |
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.24 [−0.60 to 1.08] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.39 [−0.50 to 1.27] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 87.25 ± 20.56 Non-starters: 45.25 ± 13.33 | Non-starters | 0.795 | 0.53 [−0.32 to 1.38] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.26 [−0.62 to 1.14] | |||
Non-starters | 0.055 | 0.99 [0.10 to 1.87] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 86.08 ± 18.99 Non-starters: 38.33 ± 12.96 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.06 [−0.82 to 0.93] | |
Non-starters | 0.655 | 0.51 [−0.34 to 1.36] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.10 [−0.97 to 0.78] | |||
End-season | Starters: 89.15 ± 17.18 Non-starters: 28.96 ± 6.29 | Non-starters | 0.019 | 1.50 [0.56 to 2.45] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.16 [−1.04 to 0.72] | |||
Non-starters | 0.332 | 0.88 [0.01 to 1.76] |
Variables | Period | Mean (SD) | COMPARATIVE | Group | p | Hedge’s g (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMDcZ3 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 1.03 ± 0.11 Non-starters: 0.80 ± 0.18 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.42 [−1.30 to 0.47] |
Non-starters | <0.999 | −0.04 [−0.88 to 0.80] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.357 | −0.69 [−1.59 to 0.21] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 1.08 ± 0.09 Non-starters: 0.81 ± 0.12 | Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.13 [−0.70 to 0.97] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | 0.652 | −0.56 [−1.45 to 0.34] | |||
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.41 [−0.44 to 1.25] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 1.14 ± 0.19 Non-starters: 0.78 ± 0.11 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | 0.960 | −0.43 [−1.32 to 0.45] | |
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.23 [−0.61 to 1.06] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.26 [−1.14 to 0.62] | |||
End-season | Starters: 1.11 ± 0.16 Non-starters: 0.74 ± 0.07 | Non-starters | 0.726 | 0.64 [−0.22 to 1.50] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.18 [−0.70 to 1.05] | |||
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.38 [−0.47 to 1.22] | ||||
TSDcZ3 (AU) | Pre-season | Starters: 15.76 ± 4.63 Non-starters: 10.77 ± 5.99 | PreS vs. EarS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.50 [−1.39 to 0.39] |
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.03 [−0.81 to 0.86] | ||||
PreS vs. MidS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.31 [−1.19 to 0.57] | |||
Early-season | Starters: 17.88 ± 3.47 Non-starters: 10.64 ± 4.03 | Non-starters | 0.917 | 0.58 [−0.27 to 1.44] | ||
PreS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.35 [−1.23 to 0.53] | |||
Non-starters | 0.180 | 0.89 [0.01 to 1.76] | ||||
Mid-season | Starters: 17.36 ± 5.33 Non-starters: 7.98 ± 2.54 | EarS vs. MidS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.11 [−0.77 to 0.99] | |
Non-starters | 0.562 | 0.76 [−0.11 to 1.62] | ||||
EarS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | 0.12 [−0.75 to 1.00] | |||
End-season | Starters: 17.38 ± 4.22 Non-starters: 6.77 ± 1.30 | Non-starters | 0.026 | 1.24 [0.33 to 2.15] | ||
MidS vs. EndS | Starters | <0.999 | −0.004 [−0.88 to 0.87] | |||
Non-starters | <0.999 | 0.58 [−0.28 to 1.43] |
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Nobari, H.; Sögüt, M.; Oliveira, R.; Pérez-Gómez, J.; Suzuki, K.; Zouhal, H. Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158007
Nobari H, Sögüt M, Oliveira R, Pérez-Gómez J, Suzuki K, Zouhal H. Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158007
Chicago/Turabian StyleNobari, Hadi, Mustafa Sögüt, Rafael Oliveira, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Katsuhiko Suzuki, and Hassane Zouhal. 2021. "Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158007