Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Biochar Preparation
2.2.2. Magnetic Biochar Preparation
2.3. Characterizations
2.4. Adsorption Study
2.5. Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biochar Characteristic
3.1.1. Ultimate and Physical Properties
3.1.2. Magnetic Properties
3.1.3. Microstructure Analysis
3.1.4. XRD Analysis
3.1.5. Surface Functional Group
3.1.6. XPS Analysis
3.2. Adsorption Kinetic Analysis
3.3. Adsorption Isotherm Analysis
3.4. Effect of pH
3.5. Effect of Temperature
3.6. Performance Assessment of Magnetic Biochar in Comparison with Literature
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Equilibrium | Linearized | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | [64] | ||
Freundlich | [65] | ||
Temkin | [66] | ||
Pseudo-first-order | [67] | ||
Pseudo-second-order | [68] |
Adsorbent | C% | H% | N% | O*% | Fe% | ash | O/C | H/C | SBET (m2 g−1) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) | Pore Width (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenaf (Raw) | 39.2 | 5.12 | 0.35 | 43.6 | N/A | 16.32 | 1.12 | 0.130 | 4.50 | 0.009819 | 2.07 |
Biochar (550 °C) | 67.52 | 1.27 | 1.23 | 19.18 | N/A | 10.80 | 0.284 | 0.0188 | 117.70 | 0.063884 | 2.17098 |
Magnetic Biochar | 58.32 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 25.75 | 8.34 | 13.75 | 0.442 | 0.019 | 175.55 | 0.102366 | 2.33242 |
T(K) | Qe (mg g−1) | InKL | ΔG° (KJ mole −1) | ΔH° (kJ mole −1) | ΔS° (KJ mole −1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
298 | 44.60 | 1.60 | −3.96 | 8.69 | 0.042 |
308 | 45.80 | 1.73 | −4.42 | ||
318 | 47.30 | 1.82 | −4.70 |
Adsorbent | SSA (m2 g−1) | pH | Cd2+ Adsorption Capacity (mg g−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Magnetic oak wood biochar | 8.80 | 5 | 7.40 | [94] |
(iron oxide/tangerine peel biochar) | - | 4 | 15.5 | [95] |
Magnetic coconut shell biochar | 834 | 4.8 | 4.77 | [96] |
Magnetic spent coffee ground biochar | 3.60 | 7 | 10.42 | [97] |
Magnetic hollow porous oval shape NiFe2O4 | - | 5 | 16.65 | [98] |
Grape husk/FeSO4.7H2O | 127 | 5 | 38.3 | [99] |
Algal-magnetic biochar | 63.33 | 5 | 19.40 | [100] |
Fe3O4@FePO4 | - | 7 | 13.51 | [49] |
Magnetic Douglas fir biochar | 460 | 5 | 11 | [58] |
(Mangosteen peel/Fe2o3) biochar | - | 7 | 45.662 | [101] |
Magnetic chicken manure biochar | 5.44 | 6 | 8.1 | [102] |
Chitosan modified magnetic biochar composite | 112.33 | 6 | 93.72 | [103] |
Corn straw waste @ferric nitrate | 313.90 | 2–10 | 46.15 | [59] |
Fly ash/Fe3O4 | - | 5 | 9.65 | [104] |
Fe3O4/kenaf fiber biochar | 175.55 | 6 | 47.90 | This study |
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Saeed, A.A.H.; Harun, N.Y.; Sufian, S.; Bilad, M.R.; Zakaria, Z.Y.; Jagaba, A.H.; Ghaleb, A.A.S.; Mohammed, H.G. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157949
Saeed AAH, Harun NY, Sufian S, Bilad MR, Zakaria ZY, Jagaba AH, Ghaleb AAS, Mohammed HG. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):7949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157949
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaeed, Anwar Ameen Hezam, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Zaki Yamani Zakaria, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb, and Haetham G. Mohammed. 2021. "Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157949