Emotional Demand and Mental Health in Korean Employees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Health Behaviors
2.2.2. Socioeconomic Status
2.2.3. Occupational Characteristics
2.2.4. Work-Related Psychosocial Factors Including ED
2.2.5. Mental Health
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Relationships between Covariates and Mental Health Outcomes
3.3. ORs of ED in Multivariable Models
3.4. The Trends of Strength of Association between ED and Mental Health Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Men (n = 3089) | Women (n = 2698) | Total (n = 5787) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | SE | % | SE | % | SE | ||
Age | <19 | 1.4 | 0.24 | 1.5 | 0.28 | 1.4 | 0.19 |
19–29 | 21.9 | 1.21 | 28.6 | 1.23 | 24.5 | 0.94 | |
30–39 | 32.9 | 1.28 | 22.9 | 0.98 | 29.0 | 0.99 | |
40–49 | 24.2 | 0.98 | 25.6 | 1.15 | 24.7 | 0.79 | |
50–59 | 14.8 | 0.76 | 14.3 | 0.80 | 14.6 | 0.58 | |
≥60 | 4.8 | 0.36 | 7.2 | 0.59 | 5.7 | 0.32 | |
Presently smoking | 77.0 | 1.00 | 10.9 | 0.80 | 51.4 | 0.82 | |
Problem drinking | 28.1 | 1.01 | 8.8 | 0.82 | 21.4 | 0.75 | |
Moderate physical activity | No | 86.9 | 0.76 | 86.6 | 0.83 | 86.8 | 0.60 |
Household income | I (lowest) | 7.4 | 0.65 | 13.0 | 0.89 | 9.5 | 0.64 |
II | 23.1 | 1.17 | 27.2 | 1.19 | 24.7 | 0.99 | |
III | 33.2 | 1.22 | 29.1 | 1.16 | 31.6 | 0.96 | |
IV (highest) | 36.4 | 1.52 | 30.7 | 1.35 | 34.2 | 1.29 | |
Education | Elementary | 7.2 | 0.53 | 15.5 | 0.88 | 10.4 | 0.53 |
Middle | 8.2 | 0.68 | 11.0 | 0.71 | 9.3 | 0.56 | |
High | 41.6 | 1.27 | 39.7 | 1.19 | 40.9 | 0.93 | |
College | 43.0 | 1.41 | 33.8 | 1.20 | 39.4 | 1.12 | |
Marriage | Yes | 75.2 | 1.23 | 71.3 | 1.27 | 73.7 | 0.95 |
Occupation | Blue | 45.3 | 1.35 | 30.9 | 1.21 | 39.7 | 1.06 |
White | 41.7 | 1.27 | 42.9 | 1.31 | 42.1 | 1.04 | |
Pink | 13.0 | 0.77 | 26.2 | 1.13 | 18.2 | 0.65 | |
Weekly working hours | <40 | 7.1 | 0.58 | 16.8 | 1.07 | 10.4 | 0.56 |
40–48 | 44.0 | 1.19 | 52.8 | 1.46 | 47.0 | 0.93 | |
>48 | 48.8 | 1.21 | 30.4 | 1.42 | 42.5 | 0.95 | |
Working times | Usually daytime | 76.7 | 1.14 | 80.8 | 1.06 | 78.3 | 0.82 |
Including nighttime | 23.3 | 1.14 | 19.2 | 1.06 | 21.7 | 0.82 | |
Time pressure | 37.7 | 1.18 | 36.3 | 1.11 | 37.2 | 0.85 | |
Low decision authority | 26.7 | 1.00 | 39.6 | 1.13 | 31.7 | 0.78 | |
Inappropriate esteem | 11.6 | 0.72 | 10.7 | 0.83 | 11.2 | 0.58 | |
Emotional demand | 36.7 | 1.01 | 39.3 | 1.13 | 37.7 | 0.72 | |
Distress | 27.5 | 1.02 | 34.6 | 1.16 | 30.3 | 0.78 | |
Symptoms of depression | 7.9 | 0.57 | 17.0 | 0.83 | 11.4 | 0.51 | |
Depression experience | 6.3 | 0.47 | 18.1 | 0.66 | 13.1 | 0.46 | |
Suicide ideation | 8.2 | 0.62 | 19.4 | 0.89 | 12.5 | 0.58 |
Variables | Categories | Distress | Depressive Symptoms | Depression Experience | Suicide Ideation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | ||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||
Age | 19–29 | 24.6 | 42.8 | 7.1 | 15.5 | 4.0 | 12.1 | 7.8 | 18.1 |
30–39 | 35.0 | 33.7 | 7.4 | 15.0 | 2.0 | 13.7 | 7.6 | 16.5 | |
40–49 | 24.9 | 29.5 | 8.2 | 15.4 | 4.1 | 18.4 | 7.7 | 18.3 | |
50–59 | 24.7 | 31.7 | 9.3 | 23.4 | 4.5 | 18.8 | 10.5 | 22.5 | |
≥60 | 11.7 | 29.5 | 9.1 | 23.0 | 6.3 | 15.0 | 10.4 | 30.9 | |
Present smoking | No | 22.6 | 33.1 | 7.4 | 15.9 | 3.4 | 14.3 | 6.4 | 17.9 |
Yes | 29.0 | 46.4 | 8.0 | 25.7 | 3.5 | 22.9 | 8.8 | 31.4 | |
Problem drinking | No | 28.1 | 36.1 | 7.7 | 17.1 | 3.0 | 16.5 | 7.6 | 19.4 |
Yes | 28.1 | 43.9 | 7.9 | 22.3 | 3.3 | 16.3 | 8.6 | 29.9 | |
Moderate physical activity | No | 27.9 | 34.5 | 7.2 | 16.2 | 3.5 | 14.9 | 7.8 | 18.9 |
Yes | 24.5 | 35.6 | 12.4 | 22.6 | 4.2 | 18.4 | 10.9 | 22.8 | |
Household income | I | 26.2 | 38.2 | 11.7 | 25.4 | 10.4 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 29.5 |
II | 28.7 | 38.7 | 8.9 | 16.5 | 4.7 | 21.9 | 11.1 | 23.9 | |
III | 28.2 | 33.3 | 7.3 | 17.4 | 2.3 | 15.0 | 7.0 | 18.4 | |
IV | 26.9 | 31.6 | 6.7 | 13.9 | 2.4 | 9.2 | 5.6 | 11.9 | |
Education | Elementary | 23.8 | 30.6 | 14.5 | 24.3 | 11.0 | 15.2 | 21.3 | 27.5 |
Middle | 22.1 | 31.8 | 9.0 | 20.8 | 5.4 | 22.8 | 8.6 | 23.9 | |
High | 27.0 | 32.8 | 8.6 | 16.3 | 3.1 | 16.0 | 9.4 | 18.9 | |
College | 29.6 | 39.5 | 5.9 | 13.5 | 2.4 | 12.3 | 4.9 | 14.9 | |
Marriage | No | 22.9 | 41.3 | 8.1 | 16.6 | 4.5 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 19.7 |
Yes | 28.9 | 32.0 | 7.7 | 17.1 | 3.1 | 16.7 | 7.4 | 19.2 | |
Occupation | Blue | 22.4 | 29.7 | 10.0 | 20.9 | 5.5 | 17.4 | 11.2 | 24.5 |
White | 32.3 | 37.7 | 5.8 | 13.5 | 2.2 | 11.1 | 4.9 | 14.1 | |
Pink | 32.3 | 35.5 | 7.5 | 18.1 | 2.0 | 19.7 | 9.5 | 21.7 | |
Weekly working hours | <40 | 19.8 | 28.3 | 9.5 | 16.2 | 6.4 | 19.4 | 10.4 | 21.0 |
40–48 | 24.7 | 32.0 | 6.2 | 13.2 | 2.4 | 10.9 | 5.9 | 14.9 | |
>48 | 33.1 | 44.6 | 8.5 | 19.7 | 3.5 | 16.6 | 9.5 | 22.1 | |
Working times | Usually daytime | 28.3 | 34.3 | 7.9 | 16.4 | 3.3 | 15.5 | 7.8 | 18.6 |
Including nighttime | 25.2 | 36.2 | 7.9 | 20.0 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 9.8 | 22.8 | |
Time pressure | No | 17.7 | 27.6 | 7.2 | 15.1 | 3.4 | 14.5 | 7.2 | 17.4 |
Yes | 43.5 | 46.7 | 9.1 | 20.5 | 3.8 | 16.8 | 10.0 | 22.8 | |
Low decision authority | No | 29.1 | 34.0 | 7.7 | 16.4 | 3.0 | 15.1 | 7.5 | 17.7 |
Yes | 22.9 | 35.7 | 8.2 | 18.0 | 5.2 | 15.7 | 10.1 | 22.1 | |
Inappropriate esteem | No | 25.6 | 33.0 | 7.6 | 15.7 | 3.4 | 14.3 | 7.7 | 18.1 |
Yes | 41.1 | 48.9 | 10.1 | 28.0 | 4.8 | 24.3 | 12.1 | 30.3 | |
Emotional demand | No | 19.3 | 25.6 | 6.6 | 13.1 | 2.5 | 12.7 | 6.6 | 14.3 |
Yes | 41.5 | 48.6 | 10.1 | 23.1 | 5.4 | 19.4 | 10.9 | 27.2 |
Emotional Demand | Sex | Distress aOR (95% CI) | Depressive Symptoms aOR (95% CI) | Depression Experience aOR (95% CI) | Suicide Ideation aOR (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 2.62 | (2.10–3.28) | 1.72 | (1.18–2.50) | 1.88 | (1.07–3.29) | 1.64 | (1.11–2.41) | |
Women | 2.57 | (1.92–3.45) | 1.91 | (1.33–2.74) | 1.77 | (1.15–2.75) | 2.31 | (1.63–3.28) |
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Kwon, S.-C.; Kim, I.; Kim, Y.-M. Emotional Demand and Mental Health in Korean Employees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147312
Kwon S-C, Kim I, Kim Y-M. Emotional Demand and Mental Health in Korean Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147312
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Soon-Chan, Inah Kim, and Yu-Mi Kim. 2021. "Emotional Demand and Mental Health in Korean Employees" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147312