A Study of Older Adults’ Perception of High-Density Housing Neighbourhoods in Singapore: Multi-Sensory Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Ageing Population Trends
1.2. Sensory Decline
1.3. Cognitive Decline
1.4. Sensory Approaches in Architecture and Urban Design
1.5. Research Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.1.1. Neighbourhood 1: Bangkit
2.1.2. Neighbourhood 2: Clementi
2.2. Exploratory On-Site Studies
2.2.1. ‘Sensing the Site’ Journeys
2.2.2. Documentation of Sensory Rhythms and Pedestrian Activity Patterns
2.2.3. Synthesis: Rhythm Analysis
2.3. Socio-Sensory Perception Surveys
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Rhythm Analysis Findings
3.2. Survey Results
3.2.1. Survey Sample and General Information
3.2.2. Daily Routine
3.2.3. Overall Sensory Appreciation
3.2.4. Walking Experience
3.2.5. Overall Satisfaction with the Neighbourhood
3.2.6. Other Correlations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
General Information |
Age: |
Gender: male/female |
Ethnicity: Chinese/Malay/Indian/Others |
How long have you lived in this neighbourhood? _________ |
Any sensory impairment: poor vision/poor hearing/poor smell detection/walking difficulties/cognitive difficulties/other (please specify) |
Overall health condition: poor/could be better/good/very good/excellent |
Daily Routine |
1. How often do you go out of your home into your neighbourhood? (a) more than 3 times per day; (b) 2–3 times a day; (c) once a day; (d) few times every week; (e) few times every month |
2. What activities do you most frequently perform within your neighbourhood (as part of your daily routine)? Choose up to 3 answers. (a) Commuting (e.g., walking to MRT station, bus stop, school, work); (b) Strolling around; (c) Shopping (e.g., going to supermarket, wet market, shopping mall); (d) Eating (e.g., in nearby foodcourt, coffee shop, restaurant); (e) Playing; (f) Jogging, exercising, cycling, etc.; (g) Meeting friends; (h) Gardening (e.g., in community garden); (i) Visiting community organisations (e.g., CC clubs, childcare, elderly care, RCs); (j) Other (please specify) _________ |
3. Where do you most frequently visit on daily basis in this neighbourhood? Name up to 2 places. |
4. With regard to Question 3, please describe in any 3 keywords or phrases that reflect your feel and mood with regard to why you visit each of these places so often. |
5. Where do you like the most in this neighbourhood? Name up to 2 places or features. |
6. With regard to Question 5, please describe in 3 keywords or phrases that reflect your feel and mood with regard to why you like each of these places. |
7. Where do you usually meet your fellow neighbours or friends? Name 1 place. |
8. Where do you dislike the most in this neighbourhood? Name up to 2 places or features. |
9. With regard to Question 8, please describe in any 3 keywords or phrases that reflect your feel and mood with regard to why you dislike these places. |
Overall Sensory Appreciation |
10. Do you agree with the following statements related to your sensory experience? (strongly disagree—1/disagree—2/neither agree nor disagree—3/somewhat agree—4/strongly agree—5) |
a. This neighbourhood is overall aesthetically appealing. |
b. This neighbourhood offers good variety of areas with distinguishable ambients. |
c. This neighbourhood shows obvious features pertinent to different cultures. |
d. This neighbourhood is often too crowded. |
e. Spaces around my home are generally clean and tidy. |
f. I often find spaces around my home smelly. |
g. I often find spaces around my home quite noisy. |
h. I feel overwhelmed and bombarded in this neighbourhood on everyday basis. |
Walking Experience |
11. Do you agree with the following statements related to your sensory experience? (strongly disagree—1/disagree—2/neither agree nor disagree—3/somewhat agree—4/strongly agree—5) |
a. There are many obstacles (e.g., steps, dangerous curbs, gaps) to walk around this neighbourood. |
b. Floors in this neighbourhood are slippery when it rains and I feel unsafe to walk. |
c. I hesitate to go out if there is no one accompanying or helping me. |
d. Sometimes, I can’t find my way in this neighbourhood. |
e. Nature makes walking through this neighbourhood more enjoyable. |
f. I avoid passing by rubbish chutes, messy areas and dark places. |
g. I always prefer walking on sheltered pathways (covered walkways and void decks). |
Overall Satisfaction with the Neighbourhood |
12. Do you agree with the following statements related to your sensory experience? (strongly disagree—1/disagree—2/neither agree nor disagree—3/somewhat agree—4/strongly agree—5) |
a. Amenities in this neighbourhood provide well for my daily routine needs. |
b. There are plenty of opportunities for different generations (e.g., children and elderly) to meet. |
c. This neighbourhood is overall well-designed for the elderly users. |
d. I feel happy living in this neighbourhood. |
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Bangkit | Clementi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | n | % | n | % |
Male | 94 | 40.2 | 36 | 54.5 |
Female | 140 | 59.8 | 30 | 45.5 |
Total Valid | 234 | 100.0 | 66 | 100.0 |
Missing | 1 | 0 | ||
Total | 235 | 66 | ||
Age | n | % | n | % |
Adult (18–49) | 65 | 29.0 | 12 | 18.2 |
Oldish (50–64) | 73 | 32.6 | 13 | 19.7 |
Young-Old (65–74) | 56 | 25.0 | 24 | 36.4 |
Old (75+) | 30 | 13.4 | 17 | 25.8 |
Total Valid | 224 | 100.0 | 66 | 100.0 |
Missing | 11 | 0 | ||
Total | 235 | 66 | ||
Ethnicity | n | % | n | % |
Chinese | 211 | 90.2 | 58 | 87.9 |
Malay | 10 | 4.3 | 4 | 6.1 |
Indian | 12 | 5.1 | 2 | 3.0 |
Other | 1 | 0.4 | 2 | 3.0 |
Total Valid | 234 | 100.0 | 66 | 100.0 |
Missing | 1 | 0 | ||
Total | 235 | 66 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
One sensory impairment | 47 | 20.0 | 18 | 27.2 |
Two or more sensory impairments | 12 | 5.1 | 4 | 6.1 |
Any sensory impairment | 59 | 25.1 | 22 | 33.3 |
No sensory impairment | 176 | 74.9 | 44 | 66.7 |
Total | 235 | 100.0 | 66 | 100.0 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (S.Im) | % of Total S.Im | n (A.Gr) | % of A.Gr | n (S.Im) | % of Total S.Im | n (A.Gr) | % of A.Gr | |
Adult (18–49) | 3 | 5.5 | 65 | 4.6 | 4 | 9.1 | 12 | 16.7 |
Oldish (50–64) | 19 | 34.5 | 73 | 26.0 | 5 | 22.7 | 13 | 38.5 |
Young-Old (65–74) | 18 | 32.7 | 56 | 32.1 | 9 | 40.9 | 24 | 37.5 |
Old (75+) | 15 | 27.3 | 30 | 50.0 | 6 | 27.3 | 17 | 35.3 |
Total (S.Im.) | 55 | 100.0 | 224 | 24.5 | 22 | 100.0 | 66 | 33.3 |
Missing | 11 | 0 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | % of Cases 1 | n | % | % of Cases 1 | |
Poor Vision | 34 | 43.4 | 54.1 | 13 | 46.4 | 56.5 |
Poor Hearing | 19 | 25.0 | 31.1 | 4 | 14.3 | 17.4 |
Poor Smell Detection | 3 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Walking Difficulties | 19 | 25.0 | 31.1 | 10 | 35.7 | 43.5 |
Cognitive Difficulties | 0 | 0% | 0.0 | 1 | 3.6 | 4.3 |
Other | 2 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total Answers | 76 | 100.0 | 124.6 | 28 | 100.0 | 121.7 |
Total Cases | 61 | 23 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | N | % | |
Poor (1) | 5 | 2.2 | 1 | 1.5 |
Could be better (2) | 32 | 14.2 | 20 | 30.8 |
Good (3) | 108 | 48.0 | 24 | 36.9 |
Very good (4) | 45 | 20.0 | 15 | 23.1 |
Excellent (5) | 35 | 15.6 | 5 | 7.7 |
Total Valid | 225 | 100.0 | 65 | 100.0 |
Missing | 10 | 1 | ||
Total | 235 | 66 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | n | Std. Dev. | Mean | n | Std. Dev. | |
Adult (18–49) | 3.78 | 64 | 0.983 | 3.50 | 12 | 1.087 |
Oldish (50–64) | 3.23 | 69 | 0.942 | 2.92 | 13 | 0.760 |
Young-Old (65–74) | 3.04 | 54 | 0.846 | 3.00 | 23 | 0.953 |
Old (75 and over) | 2.96 | 27 | 0.980 | 2.88 | 17 | 0.993 |
Total Valid | 3.31 | 214 | 0.983 | 3.05 | 65 | 0.959 |
Missing | 10 | 1 | ||||
Total | 234 | 66 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
>3 times per day (1) | 42 | 18.1 | 15 | 22.7 |
2–3 times a day (2) | 85 | 36.6 | 25 | 37.9 |
Once a day (3) | 64 | 27.6 | 16 | 24.2 |
Few times every week (4) | 34 | 14.7 | 9 | 13.6 |
Few times every month (5) | 7 | 3.0 | 1 | 1.5 |
Total Valid | 232 | 100.0 | 66 | 100.0 |
Missing | 3 | 0 | ||
Total | 235 | 66 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | % of Cases 1 | n | % | % of Cases 1 | |
Commuting | 111 | 14.4 | 47.4 | 22 | 10.8 | 33.3 |
Strolling | 79 | 10.2 | 33.8 | 28 | 13.8 | 42.4 |
Shopping | 149 | 19.3 | 63.7 | 28 | 13.8 | 42.4 |
Eating | 145 | 18.8 | 62.0 | 45 | 22.2 | 68.2 |
Playing | 13 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Exercising | 85 | 11.0 | 36.3 | 26 | 12.8 | 39.4 |
Meeting Friends | 100 | 12.9 | 42.7 | 31 | 15.3 | 47.0 |
Gardening | 40 | 5.2 | 17.1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Visiting Community Organisations | 48 | 6.2 | 20.5 | 21 | 10.3 | 31.8 |
Other | 6 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Total Answers | 772 | 100.0 | 331.7 | 203 | 100.0 | 307.6 |
Total Cases | 234 | 66 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | n | Std. Dev. | Mean | n | Std. Dev. | |
Q10a Aesthetically appealing (H = better) | 3.87 | 216 | 0.703 | 3.88 | 66 | 0.734 |
Q10b Distinguishable ambiences (H = better) | 3.76 | 217 | 0.706 | 3.52 | 65 | 0.986 |
Q10c Different cultures (H = better) | 3.63 | 209 | 0.852 | 3.52 | 66 | 0.965 |
Q10d Too crowded (L = better) | 3.15 | 216 | 0.953 | 2.76 | 66 | 1.096 |
Q10e Clean and tidy (H = better) | 3.86 | 217 | 0.851 | 3.42 | 65 | 1.059 |
Q10f Smelly (L = better) | 2.44 | 216 | 0.948 | 2.6 | 65 | 1.101 |
Q10g Noisy (L = better) | 2.64 | 217 | 1.076 | 2.5 | 66 | 1.085 |
Q10h Overwhelming (L = better) | 2.55 | 211 | 0.972 | 2.63 | 65 | 1.069 |
Bangkit | Clementi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Health | Age | Health | ||
Q10a Aesthetically appealing | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.005 | 0.108 | 0.071 | 0.162 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.948 | 0.120 | 0.570 | 0.196 | |
N | 207 | 209 | 66 | 65 | |
Q10b Distinguishable ambiences | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.067 | 0.108 | −0.083 | 0.305 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.339 | 0.118 | 0.512 | 0.014 | |
N | 207 | 210 | 65 | 64 | |
Q10c Different cultures | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.030 | 0.052 | −0.086 | 0.210 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.675 | 0.465 | 0.490 | 0.094 | |
N | 199 | 202 | 66 | 65 | |
Q10d Too crowded | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.138 ** | −0.055 | −0.011 | 0.176 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.048 | 0.431 | 0.928 | 0.162 | |
N | 206 | 209 | 66 | 65 | |
Q10e Clean and tidy | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.070 | 0.139 ** | 0.157 | 0.065 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.319 | 0.044 | 0.210 | 0.612 | |
N | 207 | 210 | 65 | 64 | |
Q10f Smelly | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.018 | −0.180 * | −0.027 | 0.056 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.792 | 0.009 | 0.832 | 0.661 | |
N | 207 | 209 | 65 | 64 | |
Q10g Noisy | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.107 | −0.178 * | −0.108 | 0.127 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.125 | 0.010 | 0.389 | 0.315 | |
N | 207 | 210 | 66 | 65 | |
Q10h Overwhelming | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.009 | −0.198 * | 0.171 | −0.051 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.898 | 0.004 | 0.174 | 0.692 | |
N | 201 | 204 | 65 | 64 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | n | Std. Dev. | Mean | n | Std. Dev. | |
Q11a Obstacles to walk (L = better) | 2.81 | 203 | 1.009 | 2.54 | 66 | 1.236 |
Q11b Slippery floors (L = better) | 2.86 | 207 | 1.059 | 3.21 | 66 | 1.157 |
Q11c Hesitate to go out (L = better) | 2.19 | 203 | 0.984 | 2.29 | 65 | 1.1 |
Q11d Cannot find my way (L = better) | 2.08 | 206 | 0.965 | 2.33 | 66 | 1.114 |
Q11e Nature (H = better) | 4.06 | 207 | 0.725 | 3.94 | 66 | 1.006 |
Q11f Avoid messy and dark places (H = better) | 3.3 | 206 | 1.159 | 3.29 | 65 | 1.086 |
Q11g Prefer sheltered pathways (H = better) | 4.15 | 204 | 0.805 | 3.73 | 66 | 0.887 |
Bangkit | Clementi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Health | Age | Health | ||
Q11a Obstacles to walk | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.037 | −0.254 ** | 0.044 | 0.079 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.606 | 0.000 | 0.725 | 0.529 | |
N | 193 | 196 | 66 | 65 | |
Q11b Slippery floors | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.087 | −0.162 * | 0.016 | −0.024 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.223 | 0.022 | 0.900 | 0.850 | |
N | 197 | 200 | 66 | 65 | |
Q11c Hesitate to go out | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.255 ** | −0.236 ** | 0.169 | 0.120 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.179 | 0.344 | |
N | 193 | 196 | 65 | 64 | |
Q11d Cannot find my way | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.147 * | −0.179 * | 0.140 | −0.029 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.040 | 0.011 | 0.262 | 0.817 | |
N | 196 | 199 | 66 | 65 | |
Q11e Nature | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.191 ** | 0.158 * | 0.055 | 0.115 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.007 | 0.026 | 0.661 | 0.360 | |
N | 197 | 200 | 66 | 65 | |
Q11f Avoid messy and dark places | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.089 | −0.162 * | 0.025 | −0.086 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.212 | 0.022 | 0.843 | 0.499 | |
N | 197 | 199 | 65 | 64 | |
Q11g Prefer sheltered pathways | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.076 | −0.038 | −0.007 | 0.069 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.291 | 0.595 | 0.952 | 0.583 | |
N | 195 | 197 | 66 | 65 |
Bangkit | Clementi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | n | Std. Dev. | Mean | n | Std. Dev. | |
Q12a Amenities (H = better) | 4.03 | 203 | 0.652 | 4.06 | 64 | 0.588 |
Q12b Different generations (H = better) | 3.77 | 200 | 0.845 | 3.81 | 64 | 0.794 |
Q12c Elderly-friendly (H = better) | 3.84 | 200 | 0.779 | 3.79 | 66 | 1.015 |
Q12d Happy (H = better) | 4.27 | 203 | 0.702 | 4.24 | 66 | 0.703 |
Bangkit | Clementi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Health | Age | Health | ||
Q12a Amenities | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.009 | 0.151 * | −0.021 | 0.048 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.902 | 0.034 | 0.871 | 0.709 | |
N | 194 | 197 | 64 | 63 | |
Q12b Different generations | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.108 | 0.002 | 0.154 | 0.120 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.138 | 0.982 | 0.223 | 0.348 | |
N | 191 | 194 | 64 | 63 | |
Q12c Elderly-friendly | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.040 | 0.262 ** | 0.112 | 0.106 |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.579 | 0.000 | 0.372 | 0.401 | |
N | 191 | 194 | 66 | 65 | |
Q12d Happy | Corr. Coef. (r) | −0.021 | 0.213 ** | −0.024 | 0.397 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.770 | 0.003 | 0.849 | 0.001 | |
N | 194 | 197 | 66 | 65 |
Q10a Aesthetically Appealing | Q10g Noisy | Q10h Overwhelming | Q11a Too ManyObstacles | Q11c Hesitate to Go Out | Q12a Amenities | Q12d Happy | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q10b Distinguishable Ambiences | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.422 ** | ||||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | |||||||
N | 215 | |||||||
Q10f Smelly | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.447 ** | 0.437 ** | |||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
N | 215 | 209 | ||||||
Q11b Slippery Floors | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.595 ** | ||||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | |||||||
N | 203 | |||||||
Q11d Cannot Find My Way | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.505 ** | ||||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | |||||||
N | 202 | |||||||
Q12b Different Generations | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.483 ** | ||||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | |||||||
N | 199 | |||||||
Q12c Elderly-Friendly Design | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.438 ** | 0.427 ** | |||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
N | 199 | 200 | ||||||
Q12d Happy | Corr. Coef. (r) | 0.498 ** | ||||||
Sig. (2-tailed) (p) | 0.000 | |||||||
N | 202 |
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Trivic, Z. A Study of Older Adults’ Perception of High-Density Housing Neighbourhoods in Singapore: Multi-Sensory Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136880
Trivic Z. A Study of Older Adults’ Perception of High-Density Housing Neighbourhoods in Singapore: Multi-Sensory Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136880
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrivic, Zdravko. 2021. "A Study of Older Adults’ Perception of High-Density Housing Neighbourhoods in Singapore: Multi-Sensory Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136880