Descriptive Epidemiology of Rescue-Related Fatal Drowning in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection and Coding
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Total | Successful | Unsuccessful | X2 (p Value) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Total | 237 | 100.0 | 77 | 32.5 | 160 | 67.5 | - |
Sex | |||||||
Male | 213 | 89.9 | 70 | 90.9 | 143 | 89.4 | 0.134 (p = 0.821) |
Female | 24 | 10.1 | 7 | 9.1 | 17 | 10.6 | |
Age group (years) | |||||||
0–4 | 1 | 0.4 | - | - | 1 | 0.6 | 0.483 (p = 1.000) |
5–14 | 34 | 14.3 | 7 | 9.1 | 27 | 16.9 | 2.563 (p = 0.118) |
15–24 | 83 | 35.0 | 29 | 37.7 | 54 | 33.8 | 0.350 (p = 0.564) |
25–34 | 49 | 20.7 | 16 | 20.8 | 33 | 20.6 | 0.001 (p = 1.000) |
35–44 | 33 | 13.9 | 12 | 15.6 | 21 | 13.1 | 0.262 (p = 0.689) |
45–54 | 22 | 9.3 | 10 | 13.0 | 12 | 7.5 | 1.859 (p = 0.231) |
55+ | 15 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.9 | 12 | 7.5 | 1.139 (p = 0.397) |
Day of week | |||||||
Weekdays | 159 | 67.1 | 51 | 66.2 | 108 | 67.5 | 0.038 (p = 0.883) |
Weekend | 78 | 32.9 | 26 | 33.8 | 52 | 32.5 | |
Place of death | |||||||
At the scene | 213 | 89.9 | 66 | 85.7 | 147 | 91.9 | 2.168 (p = 0.169) |
Hospital | 24 | 10.1 | 11 | 14.3 | 13 | 8.1 | |
Season | |||||||
Summer | 151 | 63.7 | 59 | 76.6 | 92 | 57.5 | 8.223 (p = 0.004) |
Spring | 51 | 21.5 | 7 | 9.1 | 17 | 10.6 | 4.916 (p = 0.029) |
Autumn | 24 | 10.1 | 1 | 1.3 | 10 | 6.3 | 0.134 (p = 0.821) |
Winter | 11 | 4.6 | 10 | 13.0 | 41 | 25.6 | 2.879 (p = 0.109) |
Activity being undertaken prior to drowning | |||||||
Swimming | 69 | 29.1 | 34 | 44.2 | 35 | 21.9 | 12.504 (p = 0.001) |
Non-water related recreation | 55 | 23.2 | 11 | 14.3 | 44 | 27.5 | 5.093 (p = 0.032) |
Having a picnic | 44 | 18.6 | 12 | 15.6 | 32 | 20.0 | 0.670 (p = 0.478) |
Occupational | 31 | 13.1 | 9 | 11.7 | 22 | 13.8 | 0.194 (p = 0.837) |
Recreational fishing | 22 | 9.3 | 3 | 3.9 | 19 | 11.9 | 3.930 (p = 0.056) |
Others | 16 | 6.8 | 8 | 10.4 | 8 | 5.0 | 0.729 (p = 0.392) |
Location of drowning incident | |||||||
Stream/River/Creek | 81 | 34.1 | 20 | 26.0 | 61 | 38.2 | 3.412 (p = 0.079) |
Beach/Sea | 59 | 24.9 | 36 | 46.8 | 23 | 14.4 | 29.147 (p < 0.001) |
Dam | 30 | 12.7 | 6 | 7.8 | 24 | 15.0 | 2.443 (p = 0.146) |
Lake/Pond | 27 | 11.4 | 5 | 6.5 | 22 | 13.8 | 2.712 (p = 0.127) |
Irrigation channel | 26 | 11.0 | 8 | 10.4 | 18 | 11.3 | 0.039 (p = 1.000) |
Pool | 7 | 3.0 | 1 | 1.3 | 6 | 3.8 | 1.090 (p = 0.433) |
Water hole | 7 | 3.0 | 1 | 1.3 | 6 | 3.8 | 1.090 (p = 0.433) |
Factors | Total | Male | Female | X2 (p Value) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Total | 237 | 100.0 | 213 | 89.9 | 24 | 10.1 | - |
Age group (years) | |||||||
0–4 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.5 | - | - | 0.113 (p = 1.000) |
5–14 | 34 | 14.3 | 28 | 13.1 | 6 | 25.0 | 2.467 (p = 0.127) |
15–24 | 83 | 35.0 | 76 | 35.7 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.402 (p = 0.654) |
25–34 | 49 | 20.7 | 46 | 21.6 | 3 | 12.5 | 1.088 (p = 0.427) |
35–44 | 33 | 13.9 | 28 | 13.1 | 5 | 20.8 | 1.064 (p = 0.347) |
45–54 | 22 | 9.3 | 20 | 9.4 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.029 (p = 1.000) |
55+ | 15 | 6.3 | 14 | 6.6 | 1 | 4.2 | 0.211 (p = 1.000) |
Day of week | |||||||
Weekdays | 159 | 67.1 | 143 | 67.1 | 16 | 66.7 | 0.002 (p = 1.000) |
Weekend | 78 | 32.9 | 70 | 32.9 | 8 | 33.3 | |
Place of death | |||||||
At the scene | 213 | 89.9 | 191 | 89.7 | 22 | 91.7 | 0.094 (p = 1.000) |
In the hospital | 24 | 10.1 | 22 | 10.3 | 2 | 8.3 | |
Season | |||||||
Summer | 151 | 63.7 | 136 | 63.8 | 15 | 62.5 | 0.017 (p = 1.000) |
Spring | 51 | 21.5 | 45 | 21.1 | 6 | 25.0 | 0.192 (p = 0.610) |
Autumn | 24 | 10.1 | 22 | 10.3 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.094 (p = 1.000) |
Winter | 11 | 4.6 | 10 | 4.7 | 1 | 4.2 | 0.014 (p = 1.000) |
Activity being undertaken prior to drowning | |||||||
Swimming | 69 | 29.1 | 64 | 30.0 | 5 | 20.8 | 0.887 (p = 0.478) |
Non-water related recreation | 55 | 23.2 | 48 | 22.5 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.532 (p = 0.452) |
Having a picnic | 44 | 18.6 | 35 | 16.4 | 9 | 37.5 | 6.333 (p = 0.023) |
Occupational | 31 | 13.1 | 29 | 13.6 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.529 (p = 0.749) |
Recreational fishing | 22 | 9.3 | 22 | 10.3 | - | - | 2.733 (p = 0.141) |
Others | 16 | 6.8 | 15 | 7.0 | 1 | 4.2 | 0.146 (p = 1.000) |
Location of drowning incident | |||||||
Stream/River/Creek | 81 | 34.1 | 74 | 34.7 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.298 (p = 0.656) |
Beach/Sea | 59 | 24.9 | 54 | 25.4 | 5 | 20.8 | 0.236 (p = 0.805) |
Dam | 30 | 12.7 | 24 | 11.3 | 6 | 25.0 | 3.679 (p = 0.096) |
Lake/Pond | 27 | 11.4 | 25 | 11.7 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.248 (p = 1.000) |
Irrigation channel | 26 | 11.0 | 25 | 11.7 | 1 | 4.2 | 1.266 (p = 0.488) |
Pool | 7 | 3.0 | 6 | 2.8 | 1 | 4.2 | 0.137 (p = 0.531) |
Water hole | 7 | 3.0 | 5 | 2.3 | 2 | 8.3 | 2.696 (p = 0.151) |
Success of Rescuers in Rescuing | N | % |
---|---|---|
Unsuccessful | 160 | 67.5 |
Successful | 77 | 32.51 |
Number of rescuer drowning fatalities per incident | N | % |
1 | 129 | 54.4 |
2 | 86 | 36.3 |
3 | 15 | 6.3 |
4 | 5 | 2.1 |
5 | 2 | 0.8 |
Factors | Number of Deaths | Drowning Rate | Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 24 | 0.06 | 1 |
Male | 213 | 0.52 | 8.81 (5.78–13.44) |
Age groups | |||
0–4 years | 1 | 0.02 | 1 |
5–14 years | 34 | 0.54 | 34.64 (4.74–253.04) |
15–24 years | 83 | 1.28 | 82.21 (11.44–590.56) |
25–34 years | 49 | 0.78 | 49.80 (6.88–360.68) |
35–44 years | 33 | 0.54 | 34.76 (4.76–254.14) |
45–54 years | 22 | 0.46 | 29.20 (3.94–216.70) |
55+ years | 15 | 0.31 | 20.09 (2.65–152.10) |
Day of week | |||
Weekend | 78 | 0.10 | 1 |
Weekday | 159 | 0.20 | 2.04 (1.56–2.67) |
Season | |||
Winter | 11 | 0.01 | 1 |
Autumn | 24 | 0.03 | 2.18 (1.07–4.45) |
Spring | 51 | 0.06 | 4.64 (2.42–8.90) |
Summer | 151 | 0.19 | 13.73 (7.45–25.30) |
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Işın, A.; Turgut, A.; Peden, A.E. Descriptive Epidemiology of Rescue-Related Fatal Drowning in Turkey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126613
Işın A, Turgut A, Peden AE. Descriptive Epidemiology of Rescue-Related Fatal Drowning in Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126613
Chicago/Turabian StyleIşın, Ali, Adnan Turgut, and Amy E. Peden. 2021. "Descriptive Epidemiology of Rescue-Related Fatal Drowning in Turkey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126613