Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Coaching Context
- “Provide opportunities for athletes to interact socially
- Afford opportunities for athletes to have fun and playfully compete
- Promote the development of fitness and health-related physical activities
- Teach and assess sport-specific skills in a safe environment for long-term sport involvement
- Teach personal and social assets through sport (citizenship)”
1.2. Purpose and Goals of the Review
- To examine which aspects of mental well-being are addressed in the studies on grassroots sport and physical activity coaching for adults.
- To explore which types and aspects of the delivery of grassroots-organized sport and physical activity coaching are investigated with regards to the promotion of mental well-being in adults.
- To map the effects on mental well-being and effect mechanism of the different types and aspects of the delivery of sport and physical activity coaching for adults.
- To provide recommendations for the training of coaches.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection Process
2.3. Data Extraction and Analysis
- Which aspects of mental well-being are addressed in the studies on grassroots-organized sport and physical activity coaching for adults?
- Which types and aspects of the delivery of grassroots-organized sport and physical activity coaching are investigated with regards to the promotion of adults’ mental well-being?
- What are the effects on mental well-being and effect mechanism of the different types and aspects of the delivery of sport and physical activity coaching for adults?
- Which recommendations can be drafted for mental health promotion through coaching and for the training of coaches?
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection Results
- Coaching behavior, antecedents, and context (n = 32)
- Coach–athlete relationship and social support (n = 20)
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Method Characteristics
3.4. Outcome Measures: Mental Well-Being
3.5. Mapping of Results
3.6. Synthesis of Evidence
- Coaching behavior, antecedents, and context
- Coach–athlete relationship and social support
3.6.1. Studies on Coaching Behavior, Antecedents, and Context
3.6.2. Studies on the Coach–Athlete Relationship and Social Support
4. Discussion
4.1. Coaching Behavior, Antecedents, and Context
4.2. Coach–Athlete Relationship and Social Support
4.3. Practical Implications and Recommendations for the Training of Coaches
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
- Improving coaches’ occupational environment and coaching context as well as their well-being (e.g., building supportive working environments, favoring coaches’ needs satisfaction and self-determined motivation, hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and avoiding thwarting of coaches’ needs; stimulating critical thinking and awareness of stressors and resources for coaches’ well-being).
- Stimulating coaches in reflecting on and improving of own coaching behavior and coach–athlete relationship quality with regards to effects on mental well-being and ill-being (e.g., how to build autonomy-supportive environments, how to favor athletes’ needs satisfaction and self-determined motivation, and to avoid thwarting of athletes’ needs; to stimulate critical thinking and awareness of stressors and resources for athletes’ well-being).
- Supporting coaches and peer leaders in the promotion of athletes’ well-being and reducing ill-being (e.g., through capacity-building workshops, supportive infrastructure, and social support).
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | |
---|---|---|
Study design | Quantitative studies; qualitative studies; literature studies; reviews | Commentaries; viewpoints; case reports; protocols; development and/or validation of questionnaires |
Type of publication | Peer-reviewed journal articles | Not peer-reviewed Books, book chapters |
Year of publication | 2005–2020 | Before 2005 |
Language | English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan | |
Population | Coaches/trainers and athletes | Elite athletes; patients; people with an illness, disorder or clinical condition; injured athletes |
Age | Adults (18 years and older) | Under 18 years |
Type of sport (intervention) | Recreational, community, and grassroots sport; organized sport, exercise and physical activity programs. | High performance; sport as therapy, rehabilitation or recovery; non- or self-organized physical activity, recreation or leisure (not sport or exercise specific) |
Type of intervention | Coaching; (educational) programs that aim to promote mental well-being of coaches and/or athletes | No reference to coaching or coaches/trainers/facilitators; programs that aim to promote physical activity levels |
Outcome (see also search strategies) | Outcomes related to mental/psychological well-being or mental health; psychosocial outcomes (e.g., affect, psychological functioning, psychological needs, self-concept, resilience); coach behavior; coach–athlete relationship quality. | Outcomes related to performance; competition-related anxiety or stress; injury or injury recovery; physical activity motivation and adherence; physical activity level; outcomes related to physical health or physical well-being or physical functioning; therapeutic outcomes; concussion; mental toughness. |
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Rato Barrio, M.; Ley, C.; Schomöller, A.; Dumon, D. Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126543
Rato Barrio M, Ley C, Schomöller A, Dumon D. Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126543
Chicago/Turabian StyleRato Barrio, María, Clemens Ley, Anne Schomöller, and Detlef Dumon. 2021. "Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126543