Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Women’s Economic Well-Being
1.2. Mental Health in Young Adulthood and Relationships with Mothers
1.3. Economic Well-Being and Mental Health
1.4. Racial Disparities between Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analysis Strategies
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
5. Limitations
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | African American (n = 1376) | Hispanic (n = 878) | Non-Hispanic White (n = 1970) | Total | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% or Mean (SD) | % or Mean (SD) | % or Mean (SD) | (n = 4224) | ||
Young adult child | |||||
Depression | 5.74 (5.05) | 4.83 (5.02) | 4.78 (4.98) | 5.10 (5.03) | a,b |
Gender (Female) | 52.6% | 50.7% | 49.9% | 50.9% | ns |
Age | 26.50 (6.30) | 25.46 (5.90) | 23.93 (5.43) | 25.08 (5.93) | a,b,c |
Higher education | 13.2% | 14.4% | 20.4% | 16.8% | b,c |
Marriage | 11.3% | 16.7% | 17.1% | 15.1% | a,b |
Mother | |||||
Poverty | 34.7% | 30.2% | 8.5% | 21.6% | a,b,c |
Net worth | 7.41 (27.08) | 17.83 (44.60) | 38.38 (66.59) | 24.00 (53.95) | a,b,c |
Age | 50.60 (2.24) | 50.60 (2.31) | 50.57 (2.19) | 50.59 (2.23) | ns |
Higher education | 26.2% | 21.7% | 44.0% | 33.4% | a,b,c |
Marriage | 34.6% | 49.4% | 69.6% | 53.9% | a,b,c |
Variables | Economic Well-Being | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Net Worth | Poverty | |||
(Constant) | −99.58 (18.89) | −1.54 (1.09) | ||
African American | −20.16 | 1.07 | ||
(20.10) | (63.70) | |||
[−0.17] | *** | [2.94] | *** | |
Hispanic | −11.89 | 1.15 | ||
(22.31) | (88.36) | |||
[−0.09] | *** | [3.17] | *** | |
Ages | 22.79 | 0.01 | ||
(37.11) | (0.23) | |||
[0.09] | *** | [1.01] | ||
Higher education | 20.79 | −1.74 | ||
(18.15) | (133.98) | |||
[0.18] | *** | [0.18] | *** | |
Marriage | 19.53 | −1.72 | ||
(17.69) | (228.41) | |||
[0.18] | *** | [0.18] | *** |
Variables | Depression | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
(Constant) | 4.86 (0.13) | 2.35 (0.42) | 4.35 (2.03) | 3.80 (2.03) | 3.77 (2.03) | |||||
Young adult child | ||||||||||
African American | 0.84 | 0.29 | 0.03 | −0.14 | 0.14 | |||||
(0.20) | (0.21) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.25) | ||||||
[0.08] | *** | [0.03] | [0.00] | [−0.01] | [0.01] | |||||
Hispanic | 0.07 | −0.21 | −0.39 | −0.52 | −0.30 | |||||
(0.23) | (0.23) | (0.24) | (0.24) | (0.27) | ||||||
[0.01] | [−0.02] | [−0.03] | + | [−0.04] | * | [−0.02] | ||||
Gender (Female) | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.86 | ||||||
(0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | |||||||
[0.09] | *** | [0.09] | *** | [0.09] | *** | [0.09] | *** | |||
Age | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||||
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||||||
[0.09] | *** | [0.12] | *** | [0.11] | *** | [0.11] | *** | |||
Higher education | −1.65 | −1.49 | −1.38 | −1.39 | ||||||
(0.25) | (0.25) | (0.25) | (0.25) | |||||||
[−0.12] | *** | [−0.11] | *** | [−0.10] | *** | [−0.10] | *** | |||
Marriage | −1.81 | −1.75 | −1.74 | −1.71 | ||||||
(0.28) | (0.28) | (0.28) | (0.28) | |||||||
[−0.13] | *** | [−0.12] | *** | [−0.12] | *** | [−0.12] | *** | |||
Mother | ||||||||||
Age | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.02 | |||||||
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||||||||
[−0.01] | [−0.01] | [−0.01] | ||||||||
Higher education | −0.29 | −0.10 | −0.10 | |||||||
(0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | ||||||||
[−0.03] | [−0.01] | [−0.01] | ||||||||
Marriage | −0.67 | −0.42 | −0.41 | |||||||
(0.19) | (0.20) | (0.20) | ||||||||
[−0.07] | *** | [−0.04] | * | [−0.04] | * | |||||
Economic well-being | ||||||||||
Net worth | −3.82 | −3.47 | ||||||||
(0.00) | (0.00) | |||||||||
[−0.04] | * | [−0.04] | * | |||||||
Poverty | 0.80 | 20.10 | ||||||||
(0.24) | (0.47) | |||||||||
[0.07] | ** | [0.17] | *** | |||||||
Poverty *African American | −1.71 | |||||||||
(0.56) | ||||||||||
[−0.11] | ** | |||||||||
Poverty *Hispanic | −1.63 | |||||||||
(0.62) | ||||||||||
[−0.08] | ** |
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Lee, J. Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115691
Lee J. Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115691
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jaewon. 2021. "Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115691