Monitoring of Environmental Hg Occurrence in Tunisian Coastal Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Hg Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Hg Correlation between Samples and Sites
4.2. Health Risk Assessment
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Samples | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seawater (μg/kg) (n = 5 × 33) | 0.32 ± 0.19 | 0.25 ± 0.16 | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 0.21 ± 0.12 | 0.19 ± 0.05 |
Sediment (μg/kg) (n = 5 × 33) | 7.48 ± 5.96 | 5.83 ± 3.57 | 1.88 ± 0.83 | 2.43 ± 1.58 | 3.85 ± 3.19 |
Plant (μg/kg) (n = 5 × 12) | 9.27 ± 3.10 | 11.74 ± 2.85 | 16.76 ± 4.48 | 5.33 ± 0.05 | 14.34 ± 4.45 |
Sparus aurata (μg/kg) (n = 5 × 6) %TWI | 774.78 ± 570.71 64.6% | 1853.71 ± 655.61 154.5% | 438.54 ± 208.76 36.5% | 826.16 ± 232.041 68.8% | 498 ± 470.71 41.5% |
Sarpa salpa (μg/kg) (n = 5 × 6) %TWI | 65.11 ± 54.03 5.4% | 2518.71 ± 231.8 209.8% | 403.53 ± 431.61 33.6% | 14.14 ± 0.46 1.2% | 35.79 ± 21.69 2.9% |
Variables | Seawater | Sediment | Plant | S. aurata | S. salpa | Site-S1 | Site-S2 | Site-S3 | Site-S4 | Site-S5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
seawater | 1 | 0.304 | 0.032 | 0.050 | 0.053 | 0.138 | 0.034 | −0.018 | −0.067 | −0.087 |
sediment | 0.304 | 1 | −0.065 | 0.192 | 0.082 | 0.424 | 0.119 | −0.298 | −0.212 | −0.034 |
plant | 0.032 | −0.065 | 1 | −0.154 | 0.181 | −0.169 | 0.063 | 0.449 *** | −0.632 | 0.289 |
S. aurata | 0.050 | 0.192 | −0.154 | 1 | 0.898 | −0.107 | 0.954 *** | −0.428 | −0.049 | −0.370 |
S. salpa | 0.053 | 0.082 | 0.181 | 0.898 | 1 | −0.273 | 0.971 *** | −0.109 | −0.300 | −0.290 |
Posdidonia oceanica | Sparus aurata | Sarpa salpa | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCF | BSAF | BCF | BSAF | BCF | BSAF | |||||||
Site | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max | Mean ± SD | Min–Max |
S1 | 1.65 ± 0.48 | 0.78–2.41 | 0.19 ± 0.36 | <0.01–0.85 | 3.52 ± 0.29 | 3.02–4.09 | 2.03 ± 0.29 | 1.88–2.80 | 2.34 ± 0.55 | 1.36–3.28 | 0.87 ± 0.65 | 0.01–1.98 |
S2 | 1.82 ± 0.45 | 0.98–2.45 | 0.45 ± 0.36 | 0.06–1.12 | 4.02 ± 0.43 | 3.26–4.58 | 2.65 ± 0.34 | 2.22–3.25 | 4.16 ± 0.44 | 3.37–4.74 | 2.78 ± 0.35 | 2.38–3.41 |
S3 | 1.98 ± 0.40 | 1.38–2.25 | 0.92 ± 0.28 | 0.48–1.36 | 3.45 ± 0.44 | 4.58–2.68 | 2.39 ± 0.22 | 2.13–2.76 | 3.10 ± 0.56 | 2.23–4.04 | 2.05 ± 0.59 | 1.27–2.84 |
S4 | 1.52 ± 0.36 | 0.85–2.09 | 0.44 ± 0.34 | <0.01–0.79 | 3.71 ± 0.36 | 3.04–4.28 | 2.63 ± 0.34 | 1.98–2.97 | 1.95 ± 0.36 | 1.29–2.52 | 0.8 ± 0.66 | 0.23–1.22 |
S5 | 1.96 ± 0.46 | 1.17–2.57 | 0.66 ± 0.43 | 0.18–1.56 | 3.53 ± 0.40 | 2.87–4.06 | 2.23 ± 0.40 | 1.72–3.02 | 2.33 ± 0.45 | 1.69–3.06 | 1.02 ± 0.50 | 0.34–2.03 |
Mean | 1.79 | 0.53 | 3.65 | 2.39 | 2.77 | 1.52 |
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Jebara, A.; Lo Turco, V.; Faggio, C.; Licata, P.; Nava, V.; Potortì, A.G.; Crupi, R.; Mansour, H.B.; Di Bella, G. Monitoring of Environmental Hg Occurrence in Tunisian Coastal Areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105202
Jebara A, Lo Turco V, Faggio C, Licata P, Nava V, Potortì AG, Crupi R, Mansour HB, Di Bella G. Monitoring of Environmental Hg Occurrence in Tunisian Coastal Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105202
Chicago/Turabian StyleJebara, Amel, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Caterina Faggio, Patrizia Licata, Vincenzo Nava, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Rosalia Crupi, Hedi Ben Mansour, and Giuseppa Di Bella. 2021. "Monitoring of Environmental Hg Occurrence in Tunisian Coastal Areas" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105202