Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Review and Meta-Analysis Articles
1.2. Distinctions and Points
1.3. Dark Personality
- Dehumanization [16]: this theoretical concept states that psychopathy is associated with a variety of negative attitudes and behaviors towards women. For these authors, dehumanization is a mechanism that enhances the association between subclinical psychopathy and negative attitudes towards women. They argue that people with high psychopathic traits consider women as inhuman, and this dehumanizing assessment facilitates attitudes and behaviors that are consistent with the idea that women deserve to be treated like animals. The authors showed how psychopathy was indirectly related to sexist and violent attitudes towards women, with dehumanization being an important modulating variable.
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): there is a relationship between the symptomatology of ADHD and the perpetration of IPA and victimization of one’s partner. A study has studied this relationship and has also linked it to the abuse of alcohol and other drugs [34].
- Guilt and shame: the so-called “dark attitudes” have also been linked to IPA and psychopathy. One study have shown that shame moderates the association between a lack of social skills and perpetration of IPA, such that as shame increases, the relationship between lack of social skills and perpetration of IPA increases [35].
- Anger: in this case, studies have shown its relationship with IPA, but not with psychopathy because in primary psychopathy, individuals assault, but without feeling any anger [36].
- Animal abuse: Studies demonstrated that acts of IPA and animal abuse are phenomena that normally occur concurrently. It was also shown that animal abuse is habitually performed more by males than by females [37].
- Love: Some studies have linked the typologies of love (specifically, Sternberg’s model) to IPA and psychopathy. Studies corroborated the existence of significant negative relationships between pettiness and the love components of Sternberg’s model (intimacy, passion, and commitment) [15]. These authors also found that deficits in love explained the increase in aggression towards the partner.
1.4. Typology
- To determine whether Hare’s proposed psychopathy characteristics are maintained in a sample of inmates condemned for IPA.
- To determine the most common psychopathy traits due to IPA among prisoners who are serving sentences under the tutelage of the Criminal Justice.
- To determine which features of psychopathy proposed by Hare predict involvement in IPA.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Design and Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hare, R.D. Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist, 2nd ed.; Multi-Health Systems: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Hare, R.D.; Harpur, T.J.; Hakstian, A.R.; Forth, A.E.; Hart, S.D.; Newman, J.P. The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: Reliability and Factor Structure. Psychol. Assess. 1990, 2, 338–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hare, R.D. Psychopathy, the PCL-R, and Criminal Justice: Some New Findings and Current Issues. Can. Psychol. 2016, 57, 21–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paulhus, D.L.; Williams, K.M. The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. J. Res. Personal. 2002, 36, 556–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clemente, M.; Espinosa, P.; Padilla, D. Moral disengagement and willingness to behave unethically against ex-partner in a child custody dispute. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0213662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robertson, E.L.; Walker, T.M.; Frick, P.J. Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Psychopathy: A Comprehensive Review. Eur. Psychol. 2020, 25, 134–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, S.J.; Moore, T.M. The Role of Impulsivity and Stress Mind-Set in Understanding the Mindfulness–Intimate Partner Aggression Relationship. J. InterPersonal. Violence 2020, 25, 134–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hilton, N.Z.; Harris, G.T. Predicting Wife Assault: A Critical Review and Implications for Policy and Practice. Trauma Violence Abus. 2005, 6, 3–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Whittington, R.; Hockenhull, J.C.; McGuire, J.; Leitner, M.; Barr, W.; Cherry, M.G.; Flentje, R.; Quinn, B.; Dundar, Y.; Dickson, R. A systematic review of risk assessment strategies for populations at high risk of engaging in violent behaviour: Update 2002-8. Health Technol. Assess. 2013, 17, 1–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spaans, M.; Molendijk, M.L.; de Beurs, E.; Rinne, T.; Spinhoven, P. Self-reported personality traits in forensic populations: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Crime Law 2017, 23, 56–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernández-Suárez, A.; Pérez, B.; Herrero, J.; Juarros-Basterretxea, J.; Rodríguez-Díaz, F.J. The role of psychopathic traits among intimate partner-violent men: A systematic review. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud 2018, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Swogger, M.T.; Montry, K.M.; Walsh, Z.; Kosson, D.S. Fantastic and uninviting behavior: Psychopathy, alcohol, and violence. J. Aggress. Confl. Peace Res. 2018, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moor, L.; Anderson, J.R. A systematic literature review of the relationship between dark personality traits and antisocial online behaviours. Personal. Individ. Dif. 2019, 144, 40–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carabellese, F.; Felthous, A.R.; Mandarelli, G.; Montalbò, D.; La Tegola, D.; Parmigiani, G.; Rossetto, I.; Franconi, F.; Ferretti, F.; Carabellese, F.; et al. Women and Men who Committed Murder: Male/Female Psychopathic Homicides. J. Forensic Sci. 2020, 65, 1619–1626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mejia, C.Y.; Donahue, J.J.; Farley, S.D. Mean, uncommitted, and aggressive: Divergent associations between triarchic psychopathy, elements of love, and caustic relationship behaviors. J. Soc. Personal. Relat. 2020, 37, 1193–1215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Methot-Jones, T.; Book, A.; Gauthier, N.Y. Less than human: Psychopathy, dehumanization, and sexist and violent attitudes towards women. Personal. Individ. Dif. 2019, 149, 250–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pegram, S.E.; Abbey, A.; Woerner, J.; Helmers, B.R. Partner type matters: Differences in cross-sectional predictors of men’s sexual aggression in casual and steady relationships. Violence Vict. 2018, 33, 902–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tetreault, C.; Bates, E.A.; Bolam, L.T. How Dark Personalities Perpetrate Partner and General Aggression in Sweden and the United Kingdom. J. InterPersonal. Violence 2018, 0886260518793992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bates, E.A.; Archer, J.; Graham-Kevan, N. Do the same risk and protective factors influence aggression toward partners and same-sex others? Aggress. Behav. 2017, 43, 163–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harris, G.T.; Hilton, N.Z.; Rice, M.E. Explaining the Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence By Male Perpetrators. Crim. Justice Behav. 2011, 38, 309–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Hernández, J.A.; García-Jiménez, J.J.; Llor-Esteban, B.; Godoy-Fernández, C. Risk factors for intimate partner violence in prison inmates. Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Leg. Context 2015, 7, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chester, D.S.; DeWall, C.N. Intimate partner violence perpetration corresponds to a dorsal-ventral gradient in medial PFC reactivity to interpersonal provocation. Soc. Neurosci. 2019, 14, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brzozowski, A.; Gillespie, S.M.; Dixon, L.; Mitchell, I.J. Cardiac Autonomic Function and Psychological Characteristics of Heterosexual Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Physical Aggression. J. InterPersonal. Violence 2021, 36, 3638–3661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bueso-Izquierdo, N.; Verdejo-Román, J.; Contreras-Rodríguez, O.; Carmona-Perera, M.; Pérez-García, M.; Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. Are batterers different from other criminals? An fMRI study. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2016, 11, 852–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sinai, C.; Hirvikoski, T.; Nordström, A.L.; Nordström, P.; Nilsonne, Å.; Wilczek, A.; Åsberg, M.; Jokinen, J. Thyroid hormones and adult interpersonal violence among women with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015, 227, 253–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Walling, S.M.; Meehan, J.C.; Marshall, A.D.; Holtzworth-Munroe, A.; Taft, C.T. The Relationship of Intimate Partner Aggression to Head Injury, Executive Functioning, and Intelligence. J. Marital Fam. Ther. 2012, 38, 471–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berbary, C.M.; Crane, C.A.; Easton, C.J. Typology of substance using offenders of IPV: Violence and substance use outcomes. Adv. Dual Diagn. 2018, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colins, O.F.; Andershed, H.; Pardini, D.A. Psychopathic traits as predictors of future criminality, intimate partner aggression, and substance use in young adult men. Law Hum. Behav. 2015, 39, 547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kelley, M.L.; Braitman, A.L. Antisocial Personality Disorder and Physical Partner Violence Among Single and Dual Substance-Abusing Couples. J. Fam. Violence 2016, 31, 423–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smoker, M.; March, E. Predicting perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking: Gender and the Dark Tetrad. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 72, 390–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carton, H.; Egan, V. The dark triad and intimate partner violence. Personal. Individ. Dif. 2017, 105, 84–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiire, S. Psychopathy rather than Machiavellianism or narcissism facilitates intimate partner violence via fast life strategy. Personal. Individ. Dif. 2017, 104, 401–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figueredo, A.J.; Gladden, P.R.; Sisco, M.M.; Patch, E.A.; Jones, D.N. The unholy trinity: The Dark Triad, coercion, and Brunswik-Symmetry. Evol. Psychol. 2015, 13, 147470491501300208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wymbs, B.T.; Dawson, A.E.; Suhr, J.A.; Bunford, N.; Gidycz, C.A. ADHD Symptoms as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization. J. InterPersonal. Violence 2017, 32, 659–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kivisto, A.J.; Kivisto, K.L.; Moore, T.M.; Rhatigan, D.L. Antisociality and intimate partner violence: The facilitating role of shame. Violence Vict. 2011, 26, 758–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hornsveld, R.H.J.; Bezuijen, S.; Leenaars, E.E.M.; Kraaimaat, F.W. Domestically and generally violent forensic psychiatric outpatients: Personality traits and behavior. J. InterPersonal. Violence 2008, 23, 1380–1393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, M. Functional links between intimate partner violence and animal abuse: Personality features and representations of aggression. Soc. Anim. 2008, 16, 223–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clemente, M.; Padilla-Racero, D.; Espinosa, P. The dark triad and the detection of parental judicial manipulators. Development of a judicial manipulation scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blumenthal, S.; Gray, N.S.; Shuker, R.; Wood, H.; Fonagy, P.; Allonby, M.; Flynn, A.; Takala, T.; Snowden, R.J. Implicit measurement of violence-related cognitions. Psychol. Violence 2019, 9, 235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iyican, S.; Babcock, J.C. The Relation Between the Two Factors of Psychopathy and Intimate Partner Aggression. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma 2018, 27, 119–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graña, J.L.; Redondo, N.; Muñoz-Rivas, M.J.; Cantos, A.L. Subtypes of batterers in treatment: Empirical support for a distinction between Type I, Type II and Type III. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e0110651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boira, S.; Jodrá, P. Tipología de hombres condenados por violencia de género en un contexto de intervención psicológica en la comunidad. Rev. Latinoam. Psicol. 2013, 45, 289–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cunha, O.; Gonçalves, R.A. Intimate partner violence offenders: Generating a data-based typology of batterers and implications for treatment. Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Leg. Context 2013, 5, 131–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martens, W.H.J. The problem with Robert Hare’s psychopathy checklist: Incorrect conclusions, high risk of misuse, and lack of reliability. Med. Law 2008, 27, 449–462. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Librán, E.C.; Ral, J.M.T. Estructura factorial y validez discriminante del listado de psicopatía de Hare revisado. Psicothema 2003, 15, 667–672. [Google Scholar]
- Moltó, J.; Poy, R.; Torrubia, R. Standardization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a Spanish prison sample. J. Personal. Disord. 2000, 14, 84–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernández-Montalvo, J.; Echeburúa, E. Trastornos de personalidad y psicopatía en hombres condenados por violencia grave contra la pareja. Psicothema 2008, 20, 193–198. [Google Scholar]
- Hare, R.D.; Neumann, C.S. The PCL-R Assessment of Psychopathy: Development, Structural Properties, and New Directions. In Handbook of Psychopathy; Patrick, C.J., Ed.; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 58–88. [Google Scholar]
- Montero, I.; León, O.G. A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2007, 7, 847–862. [Google Scholar]
- Lorenzo-Seva, U.; Timmerman, M.E.; Kiers, H.A.L. The hull method for selecting the number of common factors. Multivariate Behav. Res. 2011, 46, 340–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Worthington, R.L.; Whittaker, T.A. Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. Couns. Psychol. 2006, 34, 806–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reckase, M.D. Multidimensional Item Response Theory; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Flora, D.B.; Curran, P.J. An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychol. Methods 2004, 9, 466–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Satorra, A.; Bentler, P.M. A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika 2001, 66, 507–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, L.; Bentler, P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J. 1999, 6, 1–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hare, R.D. A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personal. Individ. Dif. 1980, 1, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harpur, T.J.; Hare, R.D.; Hakstian, A.R. Two-Factor Conceptualization of Psychopathy: Construct Validity and Assessment Implications. Psychol. Assess. 1989, 1, 6–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clemente, M.; Padilla-Racero, D.; Espinosa, P. Revenge among parents who have broken up their relationship through family law courts: Its dimensions and measurement proposal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Items | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | Com. | MDISC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Glibness/Superficial charm | 0.84 | 0.79 | 1.88 | |||||
2. Excessive sense of self-worth | 0.63 | 0.57 | 1.04 | |||||
3. Pathological lying | 0.62 | 0.66 | 1.25 | |||||
4. Swindler/Manipulator | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.98 | |||||
5. Lack of remorse or guilt | 0.85 | 0.73 | 1.66 | |||||
6. Superficial and shallow affection | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.44 | |||||
7. Affective insensitivity/lack of empathy | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.56 | |||||
8. Inability to accept responsibility for one’s actions | 0.82 | 0.72 | 1.59 | |||||
9. Need for stimulation/tendency to boredom | 0.44 | 0.65 | 1.12 | |||||
10. Parasitic lifestyle | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.46 | |||||
11. Poor behavioral controls | 0.82 | 0.64 | 1.36 | |||||
12. Early behavior problems | 0.75 | 0.65 | 1.33 | |||||
13. Lack of realistic long-term goals | 0.53 | 0.55 | 1.06 | |||||
14. Impulsivity | 0.70 | 0.51 | 1.02 | |||||
15. Irresponsibility | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.52 | |||||
16. Juvenile Delinquency | 0.95 | 0.94 | 4.07 | |||||
17. Revocation of parole | 0.08 | 0.33 | ||||||
18. Sexual promiscuity | 0.64 | 0.56 | 1.01 | |||||
19. Frequent brief marital relationships | 0.90 | 0.80 | 2.09 | |||||
20. Criminal versatility | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.92 |
Factors and Items | M | SD | Asymmetry | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total PCL-R | 16.84 | 6.06 | 0.55 | 0.9 |
F1: Criminal past and criminal record | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.53 | −1.01 |
F2: Impulsivity | 1.65 | 0.34 | −1.20 | 1.40 |
F3: Need to stand out | 0.41 | 0.58 | 1.43 | 1.15 |
F4: Lack of empathy | 1.70 | 0.52 | −1.63 | 1.64 |
F5: Manipulation of others | 0.81 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 0.25 |
F6: Instability in couple relationships | 0.45 | 0.57 | 1.01 | −0.12 |
Glibness/Superficial charm | 0.45 | 0.701 | 1.27 | 0.22 |
Grandios estimation of self | 0.39 | 0.628 | 1.37 | 0.77 |
Pathological lying | 0.67 | 0.613 | 0.32 | −0.62 |
Swindler/Manipulator | 0.23 | 0.494 | 2.11 | 3.81 |
Lack of remorse or guilt | 1.71 | 0.584 | −1.87 | 2.45 |
Superficial and shallow affection | 1.14 | 0.720 | −0.21 | −1.03 |
Affective insensitivity/lack of empathy | 1.14 | 0.526 | 0.16 | 0.39 |
Failure to accept responsibility for one’s actions | 1.70 | 0.550 | −1.64 | 1.83 |
Need for stimulation/tendency to boredom | 0.41 | 0.729 | 1.44 | 0.47 |
Parasitic lifestyle | 0.14 | 0.408 | 3.02 | 9.07 |
Poor behavioral controls | 1.90 | 0.365 | −4.01 | 16.42 |
Early behavior problems | 0.83 | 0.833 | 0.33 | −1.48 |
Lack of realistic long-term goals | 0.38 | 0.552 | 1.09 | 0.21 |
Impulsivity | 1.91 | 0.320 | −3.95 | 16.62 |
Irresponsibility | 1.22 | 0.590 | −0.08 | −0.36 |
Juvenile delinquency | 0.64 | 0.833 | 0.76 | −1.12 |
Revocation of parole | 0.03 | 0.179 | 5.35 | 27.22 |
Sexual promiscuity | 0.64 | 0.884 | 0.777 | −1.27 |
Frequent brief marital relationships | 0.34 | 0.616 | 1.659 | 1.59 |
Criminal versatility | 0.97 | 0.919 | 0.065 | −1.83 |
Model | B | SE | Beta | t | Sign. | Tol. | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 1.593 | 0.499 | 3.193 | 0.002 | |||
Criminal versatility | 0.904 | 0.110 | 0.637 | 8.241 | 0.000 | 0.852 | 1.174 |
Months of prison sentence | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.231 | 2.992 | 0.004 | 0.858 | 1.166 |
Poor behavioral controls | 0.600 | 0.257 | 0.168 | 2.333 | 0.022 | 0.983 | 1.017 |
Swindler/Manipulator | 0.413 | 0.190 | 0.157 | 2.172 | 0.033 | 0.981 | 1.020 |
Model | B | SE | Beta | t | Sign. | Tol. | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 1.688 | 0.513 | 3.292 | 0.001 | |||
F1: Criminal record | 1.067 | 0.183 | 0.499 | 5.822 | 0.000 | 0.861 | 1.161 |
Months of prison sentence | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.402 | 4.243 | 0.000 | 0.702 | 1.424 |
F2: Impulsivity | 0.780 | 0.307 | 0.209 | 2.542 | 0.013 | 0.936 | 1.068 |
Committed homicide | 0.670 | 0.284 | 0.218 | 2.363 | 0.020 | 0.739 | 1.353 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gómez, J.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Clemente, M.; Casas, J.A. Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105141
Gómez J, Ortega-Ruiz R, Clemente M, Casas JA. Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105141
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez, José, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Miguel Clemente, and José A. Casas. 2021. "Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105141