The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Regular Drinking Behavior: Evidence from China
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Theoretical Analysis of the Model Setting
2.3.2. Baseline Model
2.3.3. Model for the Mechanism Test
3. Results
3.1. t-Test for Data before and after the PSM
3.2. Estimation Results of PSM-DID
3.3. Mechanism Analysis
3.4. Heterogeneity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulardrinker | 71,570 | 0.164 | 0.370 | 0 | 1 |
Currentsmoker | 71,570 | 0.289 | 0.453 | 0 | 1 |
Tax | 71,570 | 0.4 | 0.490 | 0 | 1 |
Daysmokenum | 71,402 | 4.739 | 9.248 | 0 | 100 |
Smokefree | 71,570 | 0.058 | 0.233 | 0 | 1 |
Smokeyear | 71,570 | 9.017 | 15.518 | 0 | 76 |
Male | 71,570 | 0.469 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 |
Age | 71,570 | 49.752 | 13.769 | 16 | 94 |
Urban | 71,216 | 0.456 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 |
Marriage | 71,569 | 0.884 | 0.320 | 0 | 1 |
Lnincome | 30,590 | 8.902 | 1.827 | 0 | 14.4 |
Edu | 71,549 | 2.525 | 1.281 | 1 | 7 |
Chronic | 71,557 | 0.177 | 0.382 | 0 | 1 |
Part A. Test the Balancing Property for Each Observed Covariate | |||||||
Variable | Unmatched | Mean | Bias% | t-Test | |||
Matched | Smoker | Non-Smoker | Bias% | Reductbias% | t-Value | p-Value | |
Gender | U | 0.965 | 0.247 | 216.9 | 80.47 | 0.000 | |
M | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.0 | 100.0 | −0.00 | 1.000 | |
Age | U | 45.984 | 45.392 | 4.8 | 2.00 | 0.045 | |
M | 45.987 | 46.116 | −1.0 | 78.2 | −0.38 | 0.706 | |
Age2 | U | 2259.1 | 2223.1 | 3.2 | 1.32 | 0.187 | |
M | 2259.8 | 2272.1 | −1.1 | 65.9 | −0.39 | 0.695 | |
Edu | U | 2.619 | 2.537 | 6.7 | 2.76 | 0.006 | |
M | 2.619 | 2.631 | −1.0 | 85.3 | −0.36 | 0.715 | |
Lnincome | U | 8.925 | 8.428 | 33.9 | 13.73 | 0.000 | |
M | 8.926 | 8.941 | −1.0 | 97.0 | −0.40 | 0.69 | |
Urban | U | 0.406 | 0.454 | −9.7 | −4.13 | 0.000 | |
M | 0.406 | 0.420 | −2.9 | 70.0 | −1.04 | 0.300 | |
Marriage | U | 0.889 | 7.601 | −5.2 | −2.26 | 0.024 | |
M | 0.889 | 7.671 | 1.2 | 77.2 | 0.40 | 0.686 | |
Chronic | U | 0.118 | 0.156 | −10.9 | −4.51 | 0.000 | |
M | 0.118 | 0.100 | 5.4 | 50.6 | 2.09 | 0.037 | |
Part B. Test the overall balance | |||||||
Sample | LR χ2 | p > χ2 | Meanbias | Medbias | |||
Unmatched | 4482.79 | 0.000 | 36.4 | 8.2 | |||
Matched | 6.27 | 0.617 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | |
Tax × Currentsmoker | 0.133 ** | −0.00466 | −0.754 ** | −0.746 ** | −0.747 ** |
(0.0672) | (0.200) | (0.354) | (0.355) | (0.359) | |
Smokeyear | 0.0478 | 0.0943 * | 0.0903 * | 0.0861 * | |
(0.0345) | (0.0493) | (0.0495) | (0.0501) | ||
Smokefree | 0.720 | 1.081 * | 1.059 | 1.032 | |
(0.455) | (0.654) | (0.654) | (0.661) | ||
Lnincome | 0.0816 *** | 0.0582 ** | 0.0616 ** | ||
(0.0287) | (0.0306) | (0.0310) | |||
Age | 0.0218 | 0.0579 | |||
(0.437) | (0.443) | ||||
Age2 | −0.00170 *** | −0.00198 *** | |||
(0.000601) | (0.000631) | ||||
Edu | 0.0389 | ||||
(0.160) | |||||
Urban | −0.409 | ||||
(0.266) | |||||
Marriage | −0.484 * | ||||
(0.263) | |||||
Chronic | −0.476 *** | ||||
(0.147) | |||||
Individual Fixed | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Time Fixed | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
N | 15815 | 6565 | 2549 | 2549 | 2530 |
LR chi2 | 3.92 | 16.06 | 21.54 | 29.77 | 46.20 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0478 | 0.0246 | 0.0058 | 0.0009 | 0.0000 |
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | Regulardrinker | |
Daysmokenum | 0.0904 *** | 0.0364 *** | 0.0400 *** | 0.0390 *** | 0.0394 *** |
(0.0027) | (0.0033) | (0.0052) | (0.0053) | (0.0054) | |
Tax | −0.0443 | −0.0388 | 0.0689 | 0.937 | 0.443 |
(0.0380) | (0.0661) | (0.108) | (1.416) | (1.469) | |
Daysmokenum × Tax | 0.0058 * | 0.0041 | −0.0163 ** | −0.0154 ** | −0.0162 ** |
(0.0031) | (0.0036) | (0.00667) | (0.00670) | (0.0068) | |
Smokeyear | 0.00362 | 0.0300 | 0.0301 | 0.0296 | |
(0.0129) | (0.0206) | (0.0207) | (0.0210) | ||
Smokefree | 0.164 | 0.301 | 0.302 | 0.312 | |
(0.268) | (0.424) | (0.424) | (0.426) | ||
Lnincome | 0.0738 *** | 0.0570 ** | 0.0583 ** | ||
(0.0244) | (0.0255) | (0.0257) | |||
Age | −0.0266 | 0.0607 | |||
(0.181) | (0.187) | ||||
Age2 | −0.000911 ** | −0.00120 *** | |||
(0.000389) | (0.000411) | ||||
Edu | −0.00901 | ||||
(0.100) | |||||
Urban | −0.418 ** | ||||
(0.176) | |||||
Marriage | −0.504 *** | ||||
(0.174) | |||||
Chronic | −0.388 *** | ||||
(0.0924) | |||||
Individual Fixed | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Time Fixed | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
N | 71570 | 18390 | 6083 | 6083 | 5984 |
LR chi2 | 143 | 90.01 | 89.25 | 95.15 | 125.01 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Variable | Gender | Age Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Male | Female | 16–34 | 35–54 | 55– | |
Currentsmoker × Tax | −0.780 ** | 0.119 | −0.0808 | −1.143 *** | −0.644 |
(0.3630) | (0.0869) | (1.000) | (0.024) | (0.744) | |
Control Variables | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Individual Fixed | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Time Fixed | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
N | 2394 | 135 | 398 | 1065 | 594 |
Wald chi2 | 47.56 | 5.41 | 18.54 | 37.72 | 25.10 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | 0.0914 | 0.1832 | 0.0051 | 0.0336 |
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Zhang, Z.; Zheng, R. The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Regular Drinking Behavior: Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093327
Zhang Z, Zheng R. The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Regular Drinking Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093327
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zili, and Rong Zheng. 2020. "The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Regular Drinking Behavior: Evidence from China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093327
APA StyleZhang, Z., & Zheng, R. (2020). The Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases on Regular Drinking Behavior: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093327