Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. PM2.5 Concentrations and Socio-Economic Data
2.2.2. Exposure–Response Coefficients
2.2.3. Health Information
2.3. Estimating Health Effects
2.4. Economic Loss Evaluation of Health Effects
2.4.1. Amended Human Capital (AHC)
2.4.2. Cost of Illness (COI)
3. Results
3.1. PM2.5 Pollution Characteristics
3.2. Health Effects of PM2.5 Pollution
3.3. Economic Loss of PM2.5 Pollution
4. Discussions
4.1. Correlation Analysis with Social Economic Development
4.2. Policy Implications
4.3. Uncertainty Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Outcome | Exposure–Response Coefficient β (95%CI) |
---|---|
All-cause mortality | 0.0083 (0.0032, 0.0131) [42] |
Respiratory hospitalization | 0.00604 (0.00441, 0.00789) [43] |
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular hospitalization | 0.00697 (0.00464, 0.00906) [43] |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 0.0049 (0.0027, 0.007) [44] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 0.0056 (0.002, 0.009) [44] |
Chronic bronchitis (0–14) | 0.0486 (0.0401, 0.0570) [13] |
Chronic bronchitis (≥15) | 0.0686 (0.0574, 0.0797) [13] |
Asthma attacks (0–14) | 0.0208 (0.0118, 0.0300) [45] |
Asthma attacks (≥15) | 0.021 (0.0145, 0.0274) [45] |
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality (‰) | Mortality Rate per City [37,39,40] | |||
Morbidity (‰) | Chronic bronchitis (0–14) | 7.2 [46] | 7.2 | 7.2 |
Chronic bronchitis (≥15) | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | |
Asthma attacks (0–14) | 23.9 [52] | 23.9 | 23.9 | |
Asthma attacks (≥15) | 12.4 [51] | 12.4 | 12.4 | |
Visiting Rate (‰) | Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 179.8 [46] | 180.6 [48] | 181.3 [49] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 83.1 [46] | 89.1 [48] | 94.4 [49] | |
Hospitalization Rate (‰) | Respiratory hospitalization | 13.3 [47] | 13.3 | 13.3 |
Cardio-cerebrovascular hospitalization | 18.7 [47] | 18.7 | 18.7 | |
Medical Costs Per Case (CNY/case) | outpatient costs | 169.7 [46] | 177.4 [48] | 190.9 [49] |
hospitalization costs | 5447.1 [46] | 5587.5 [48] | 5769.8 [49] | |
Loss of Working Time (day) | average outpatient time | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
average hospitalization time | 9.7 [46] | 9.1 [48] | 8.8 [49] |
Health Outcome | Economic Loss of Health Effects (in Million CNY) | ||
---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
ACM | 14,213.83 | 14,601.64 | 14,856.45 |
(5980.11, 20,719.46) | (6125.30, 21,343.40) | (6214.83, 21,771.20) | |
RH | 393.28 | 371.14 | 368.74 |
(295.69, 499.14) | (278.26, 471.55) | (276.46, 469.18) | |
CCH | 628.27 | 593.52 | 589.92 |
(435.73, 790.49) | (410.15, 747.76) | (407.54, 744.37) | |
OIM | 147.31 | 143.38 | 148.15 |
(84.51, 203.76) | (81.95, 198.48) | (84.68, 205.49) | |
OP | 76.90 | 79.96 | 87.22 |
(29.28, 117.14) | (30.29, 122.06) | (33.02, 133.48) | |
CB | 26075.91 | 27,073.51 | 27,095.92 |
(24,701.58, 27,029.60) | (25,565.71, 28,141.09) | (25,480.61, 28,267.91) | |
AT | 1163.96 | 1118.51 | 1115.04 |
(853.48, 1408.56) | (813.56, 1361.67) | (809.22, 1362.10) | |
Total | 42,699.46 | 43,981.65 | 44,261.44 |
(32,380.38, 50,768.15) | (33,305.22, 52,386.00) | (33,306.36, 52,953.74) | |
Total/GDP | 6.45% | 6.28% | 5.93% |
(4.89%, 7.67%) | (4.75%, 7.48%) | (4.47%, 7.10%) |
Category | Year | Population | GDP | Per Capita GDP | Urbanization Rate | Population Density | Gross Industrial Production |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Impact | 2015 | 0.977 ** | 0.706 ** | −0.312 | −0.184 | 0.813 ** | 0.536 * |
2016 | 0.959 ** | 0.802 ** | −0.082 | −0.088 | 0.791 ** | 0.703 * | |
2017 | 0.953 ** | 0.747 ** | −0.164 | −0.129 | 0.811 ** | 0.650 * | |
Economic Loss | 2015 | 0.645 * | 0.998 ** | 0.290 | 0.366 | 0.548 * | 0.915 ** |
2016 | 0.650 * | 0.999 ** | 0.438 | 0.361 | 0.552 * | 0.945 ** | |
2017 | 0.648 * | 0.997 ** | 0.361 | 0.361 | 0.574 * | 0.948 ** | |
Per Capita Economic Loss | 2015 | −0.263 | 0.525 | 0.955 ** | 0.927 ** | −0.092 | 0.601 * |
2016 | −0.103 | 0.655 * | 0.958 ** | 0.855 ** | −0.009 | 0.675 ** | |
2017 | 0.001 | 0.764 ** | 0.879 ** | 0.854 ** | 0.130 | 0.811 ** |
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Liao, Q.; Jin, W.; Tao, Y.; Qu, J.; Li, Y.; Niu, Y. Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093253
Liao Q, Jin W, Tao Y, Qu J, Li Y, Niu Y. Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093253
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Qin, Wangqiang Jin, Yan Tao, Jiansheng Qu, Yong Li, and Yibo Niu. 2020. "Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM2.5 Pollution during 2015–2017 in Gansu Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093253