Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research Purpose
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure for the Translation, Pilot Test, Formal Test, and Follow-Up Test
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics, Internal Reliability, t-test, and ANOVA Results
3.2. Construct and Criterion Validity
3.3. Test–Retest Reliability
3.4. Measurement Invariance
4. Discussion
4.1. General Discussion
4.2. Practical Implications
4.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Variables | M | SD | α | Background | F | Effect Size a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autonomy thwarting | 3.91 | 1.61 | 0.76 | Gender | 59.10 * | 0.04 |
Grade of instruction | 1.50 | 0.003 | ||||
Position | 1.37 | 0.001 | ||||
Teaching subject | 1.79 | 0.01 | ||||
Competence thwarting | 4.24 | 1.54 | 0.76 | Gender | 5.59 * | 0.004 |
Grade of instruction | 1.26 | 0.002 | ||||
Position | 0.41 | 0.00 | ||||
Teaching subject | 1.66 | 0.01 | ||||
Competence thwarting (removing item 8) | 4.82 | 1.81 | 0.83 | Gender | 5.26 * | 0.003 |
Grade of instruction | 0.76 | 0.001 | ||||
Position | 0.56 | 0.00 | ||||
Teaching subject | 1.86 | 0.01 | ||||
Relatedness thwarting | 2.09 | 1.24 | 0.81 | Gender | 1.71 | 0.001 |
Grade of instruction | 9.81 * | 0.02 | ||||
Position | 1.56 | 0.001 | ||||
Teaching subject | 1.26 | 0.007 | ||||
Emotional exhaustion | 4.06 | 1.72 | 0.91 | Gender | 5.69 * | 0.004 |
Grade of instruction | 4.48 * | 0.003 | ||||
Position | 1.97 | 0.001 | ||||
Teaching subject | 1.81 | 0.011 |
Setting | Χ2(df) | CFI | NNFI | RMSEA | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPNTT (with item 8) | 1374.386 (51) | 0.921 | 0.898 | 0.130 | 0.134 |
CPNTT (without item 8)—3 factors | 583.215 (41) | 0.962 | 0.949 | 0.093 | 0.071 |
CPNTT (without item 8)—1 factor | 6726.776 (44) | 0.664 | 0.580 | 0.315 | 0.177 |
Subscale (with Items) | M (SD) | Item-Total Correlation | Loading |
---|---|---|---|
Autonomy Thwarting | |||
Item1. Decision-making | 3.07 (2.26) | 0.63 | 0.65 |
Item2. Behaviors | 4.69 (2.12) | 0.61 | 0.61 |
Item3. Teaching methods | 4.08 (2.17) | 0.60 | 0.72 |
Item4. Conformity | 3.83 (2.12) | 0.73 | 0.88 |
Competence Thwarting | |||
Item5. Incapability | 4.79 (2.13) | 0.70 | 0.87 |
Item6. Situational incompetence | 4.78 (2.06) | 0.64 | 0.82 |
Item7. Awkwardness | 4.90 (2.07) | 0.67 | 0.85 |
Relatedness Thwarting | |||
Item9. Rejection | 2.24 (1.68) | 0.58 | 0.83 |
Item10. Indifference | 1.95 (1.47) | 0.54 | 0.92 |
Item11. Envy | 2.39 (1.78) | 0.51 | 0.88 |
Item12. Dislike | 1.77 (1.28) | 0.48 | 0.67 |
Scale and Sub-scales | Pilot test | Follow-up | pa | ICC | SEM | SRD | SRD% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPNTT | 3.39 (1.04) | 3.28 (1.04) | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 0.91 | 0.27 |
Autonomy thwarting | 3.95 (1.31) | 3.73 (1.37) | 0.22 | 0.83 | 0.55 | 1.52 | 0.39 |
Competence thwarting | 4.50 (1.68) | 4.25 (1.61) | 0.07 | 0.87 | 0.59 | 1.64 | 0.37 |
Relatedness thwarting | 1.99 (1.15) | 2.10 (1.14) | 0.56 | 0.90 | 0.36 | 1.00 | 0.49 |
Configural Model a | Loadings Constrained as Equal a | Loadings and Thresholds Constrained as Equal a | Loadings, Thresholds, and Covariance Constructs Constrained as Equal a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Χ2(df) or ΔΧ2(Δdf) | 660.730 (82) | 80.935 (8) | 0 (8) | 67.203 (3) |
CFI or ΔCFI | 0.959 | −0.005 | 0.001 | −0.004 |
RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.096 | 0.001 | −0.004 | 0.003 |
SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.073 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.009 |
Grade of instruction b | ||||
Χ2(df) or ΔΧ2(Δdf) | 658.335 (82) | 68.452 (8) | 0 (8) | 82.648 (3) |
CFI or ΔCFI | 0.957 | −0.004 | 0.001 | −0.006 |
RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.097 | 0.0003 | −0.005 | 0.004 |
SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.075 | 0.010 | 0 | 0.139 |
Position | ||||
Χ2(df) or ΔΧ2(Δdf) | 683.774 (82) | 27.108 (8) | 0 (8) | 0.953 (3) |
CFI or ΔCFI | 0.957 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RMSEA or ΔRMSEA | 0.097 | −0.002 | −0.005 | −0.002 |
SRMR or ΔSRMR | 0.069 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.004 |
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Chen, L.; Gamble, J.H.; Chen, I.-H.; Lee, Z.-H.; Fu, Q.-L. Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093247
Chen L, Gamble JH, Chen I-H, Lee Z-H, Fu Q-L. Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093247
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Liang, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, I-Hua Chen, Zeng-Han Lee, and Qian-Lan Fu. 2020. "Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093247