Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Food Safety Studies
2.2. Game Consumption
2.3. Food Risk: Perception and Attitude
3. Methods
3.1. Data Collection and Analysis
3.2. Questionnaire and Measurements
3.2.1. Questionnaire
3.3.2. Measurements
4. Results: Effect of Age on Health/Risk Perceptions and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat
4.1. “Organic” Consciousness and Attitudes toward Organic Food
4.2. Health/Risk Perceptions and Attitudes toward Game Meat
4.3. Perceived Change in Future Diet: Stability of Attitudes toward Organic Food
4.4. Perceived Change in Future Diet: Stability of Attitudes toward Game Meat
5. Discussion
5.1. Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Organic Food
5.2. Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Game Meat
5.3. The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Future Research Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 295 | 29.3 |
Female | 713 | 70.7 |
Age | ||
Below 20 | 206 | 20.4 |
20–29 | 476 | 47.2 |
30–39 | 125 | 12.4 |
40 and above | 201 | 19.9 |
Education | ||
Elementary school | 3 | 0.3 |
Middle school | 11 | 1.1 |
High school | 34 | 3.4 |
Junior college degree | 303 | 30.1 |
Bachelor | 429 | 42.6 |
Master or PhD | 228 | 22.6 |
Income | ||
5000 yuan or less | 643 | 63.8 |
5001–10,000 yuan | 212 | 21.0 |
10,001–25,000 yuan | 112 | 11.1 |
25,001–50,000 yuan | 28 | 2.8 |
More than 50,000 yuan | 13 | 1.3 |
“Organic” Consciousness and Attitudes toward Organic Food | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Below 20 (N = 206) | 20–29 (N = 476) | 30–39 (N = 125) | 40 and above (N = 201) | F | Sig. | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(1) the extent of OF favor (1 = not at all; 5 = very much) | 3.70 | 0.886 | 3.63 a | 0.767 | 3.89 | 0.863 | 3.98 b | 0.728 | 10.752 | 0.000 * |
(2) the importance of OF in daily diet (1 = not at all; 5 = very important) | 3.82 | 0.799 | 3.69 a | 0.766 | 3.75 | 0.973 | 3.93 b | 0.784 | 4.593 | 0.003 * |
(3) the necessity of changing traditional food to OF (1 = not at all; 5 = very necessary) | 3.02 a | 0.891 | 3.03 | 0.792 | 3.25 | 0.989 | 3.48 b | 0.878 | 15.488 | 0.000 * |
(4) buying OF is wise (1 = not at all; 5 = very wise) | 3.84 b | 0.793 | 3.64 a | 0.747 | 3.81 | 0.84 | 3.78 | 0.763 | 4.255 | 0.005 * |
(5) OF is beneficial for environmental sustainability (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) | 3.92 b | 0.829 | 3.85 a | 0.775 | 3.94 | 0.883 | 3.87 | 0.764 | 0.714 | 0.544 |
(6) OF is beneficial for animal welfare (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) | 3.87 b | 0.86 | 3.82 | 0.752 | 3.94 | 0.901 | 3.81 a | 0.809 | 0.969 | 0.406 |
Health/Risk Perceptions and Attitudes toward Game Meat | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Below 20 (N = 206) | 20–29 (N = 476) | 30–39 (N = 125) | 40 and above (N = 201) | F | Sig. | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(1) the extent of GM favor (1 = not at all; 5 = very much) | 1.55 a | 0.749 | 1.62 | 0.803 | 1.88 | 0.829 | 2.16 b | 0.926 | 26.169 | 0.000 * |
(2) the importance of GM in daily diet (1 = not at all; 5 = very important) | 1.58 a | 0.785 | 1.66 | 0.787 | 1.62 | 0.758 | 1.83 b | 0.717 | 3.888 | 0.009 * |
(3) eating GM is of health hazard (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) | 4.56 | 0.701 | 4.55 | 0.701 | 4.58 b | 0.599 | 4.31 a | 0.703 | 7.109 | 0.000 * |
(4) GM has high nutritional values (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) | 2.22 | 1.054 | 2.17 a | 0.945 | 2.34 | 0.934 | 2.60 b | 0.837 | 10.471 | 0.000 * |
(5) GM has high medicinal values (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree) | 2.42 | 1.100 | 2.35 a | 1.006 | 2.57 | 0.962 | 2.68 b | 0.831 | 5.698 | 0.001 * |
Perceived Change in Future Diet: Stability of Attitudes toward Organic Food | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Below 20 (N = 206) | 20–29 (N = 476) | 30–39 (N = 125) | 40 and above (N = 201) | F | Sig. | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(1) the frequency of daily OF eating (1 = never; 5 = very frequent) | 3.10 a | 0.867 | 2.86 | 0.819 | 2.72 b | 0.809 | 2.76 | 0.772 | 7.991 | 0.000 * |
(2) the future possibility of increasing OF eating frequency (1 = must be; 5 = not at all) | 3.73 | 0.897 | 3.64 b | 0.815 | 3.84 | 0.846 | 3.92 a | 0.865 | 5.746 | 0.001 * |
(3) the influencing extent of the COVID-19 crisis to future increase OF eating (1 = not at all; 5 = very much) | 3.69 b | 0.873 | 3.42 | 0.902 | 3.26 a | 1.069 | 3.34 | 0.978 | 7.275 | 0.000 * |
Perceived Change in Future Diet: Stability of Attitudes toward Game Meat | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Below 20 (N = 206) | 20–29 (N = 476) | 30–39 (N = 125) | 40 and above (N = 201) | F | Sig. | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
(1) the frequency of daily GM eating (1 = never; 5 = very frequent) | 1.23 a | 0.495 | 1.28 | 0.601 | 1.47 | 0.532 | 1.5 b | 0.567 | 12.081 | 0.000 * |
(2) the future possibility of increasing GM eating frequency (1 = not at all; 5 = must be) | 1.24 a | 0.655 | 1.25 | 0.602 | 1.26 | 0.646 | 1.29 b | 0.59 | 0.324 | 0.808 |
(3) the influencing extent of the COVID-19 crisis to future decrease of GM eating (1 = not at all; 5 = very much) | 4.43 b | 0.999 | 4.32 | 1.085 | 4.14 | 1.194 | 3.99 a | 1.158 | 6.696 | 0.000 * |
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Xie, X.; Huang, L.; Li, J.; Zhu, H. Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093148
Xie X, Huang L, Li J, Zhu H. Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093148
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Xiaoru, Liman Huang, Jun (Justin) Li, and Hong Zhu. 2020. "Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093148