Association between Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Hearing Loss in the General Population: A Case-Control Study in Zhejiang Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurement of RTL in Leucocytes
2.3. Audiometry and Other Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
RTL Levels | Case/Control | For Male | Case/Control | For Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Trend | OR (95% CI) | p-Trend | ||||
For age ≤ 60y | |||||||
Per doubling | 299/297 | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.234 | 283/283 | 0.58 (0.39–0.88) | 0.009 | |
Per SD | 299/297 | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.133 | 283/283 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 0.013 | |
For age > 60y | |||||||
Per doubling | 112/114 | 0.70 (0.39–1.27) | 0.243 | 123/123 | 0.45 (0.24–0.86) | 0.016 | |
Per SD | 112/114 | 0.87 (0.58–1.32) | 0.514 | 123/123 | 0.60 (0.41–0.89) | 0.011 | |
Total | |||||||
Per doubling | 411/411 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 0.120 | 406/406 | 0.54 (0.38–0.76) | <0.001 | |
Per SD | 411/411 | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 0.122 | 406/406 | 0.71 (0.58–0.86) | 0.001 | |
Quartile | |||||||
Q1 (≤0.711) | 111/95 | 1 (reference) | Q1 (≤0.736) | 114/90 | 1 (reference) | ||
Q2 (0.711–0.922) | 104/107 | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) | Q2 (0.736–0.968) | 109/94 | 0.77 (0.51–1.17) | ||
Q3 (0.922–1.172) | 99/101 | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) | Q3 (0.968–1.212) | 96/102 | 0.65 (0.42–1.01) | ||
Q4 (>1.172) | 97/108 | 0.68 (0.42–1.09) | 0.426 | Q4 (>1.212) | 87/120 | 0.45 (0.28–0.73) | 0.011 |
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Variables | Case (n = 817) | Control (n = 817) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 55.93 (8.99) | 55.91 (9.03) | 0.231 |
Sex (males), n (%) | 411 (50.3) | 411 (50.3) | 1.000 |
RTL, median (P25–P75) | 0.92 (0.71–1.15) | 0.97 (0.75–1.22) | 0.004 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 268 (32.8) | 148 (18.1) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 64 (7.8) | 31 (3.8) | 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 51 (6.2) | 23 (2.8) | 0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 30 (3.7) | 15 (1.8) | 0.025 |
Lead (log-transformed), µg/dL | 1.59 (0.16) | 1.59 (0.16) | 0.845 |
Cadmium (log-transformed), µg/L | 0.51 (0.18) | 0.50 (0.16) | 0.043 |
Variables | Case, n | Control, n | OR (95% CI) | p-Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|
RTL | ||||
Q1 (≤0.726) | 186 | 186 | 1 (reference) | |
Q2 (0.726–0.948) | 198 | 198 | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | |
Q3 (0.948–1.200) | 201 | 201 | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | |
Q4 (>1.200) | 232 | 232 | 0.53 (0.38–0.74) | 0.002 |
Hypertension | ||||
No | 549 | 669 | 1 (reference) | |
Yes | 268 | 148 | 2.10 (1.62–2.71) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | ||||
No | 753 | 786 | 1 (reference) | |
Yes | 64 | 31 | 1.44 (0.86–2.42) | 0.162 |
Diabetes | ||||
No | 766 | 794 | 1 (reference) | |
Yes | 51 | 23 | 1.91 (1.08–3.38) | 0.027 |
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
No | 787 | 802 | 1 (reference) | |
Yes | 30 | 15 | 1.34 (0.62–2.90) | 0.458 |
Cadmium | 817 | 817 | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 0.029 |
RTL Levels | Case/Control | Crude | Adjusted a |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Per doubling of RTL | 817/817 | 0.67 (0.53–0.83) | 0.66 (0.52–0.83) |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Per SD of RTL b | 817/817 | 0.80 (0.70–0.90) | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
RTL quartile | |||
Q1 (≤0.726) | 186/186 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
Q2 (0.726–0.948) | 198/198 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) |
Q3 (0.948–1.200) | 201/201 | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) |
Q4 (>1.200) | 232/232 | 0.54 (0.39–0.74) | 0.53 (0.38–0.74) |
p-trend | 0.002 | 0.002 |
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Zhang, H.; Wang, D.; Ma, H.; Li, C.; Wang, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Xu, L. Association between Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Hearing Loss in the General Population: A Case-Control Study in Zhejiang Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061881
Zhang H, Wang D, Ma H, Li C, Wang S, Wang Y, Yang L, Xu L. Association between Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Hearing Loss in the General Population: A Case-Control Study in Zhejiang Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061881
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Huai, Dahui Wang, Haiyan Ma, Chenhui Li, Shichang Wang, Yi Wang, Lei Yang, and Liangwen Xu. 2020. "Association between Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Hearing Loss in the General Population: A Case-Control Study in Zhejiang Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061881