Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample and Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Health-Related Lifestyles of Participants
3.3. Relationships of Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity
3.4. Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles
4. Discussion
Study Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 444) | Men (n = 143) | Women (n = 301) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||||
Age, years | 23.1 (5.7) | 23.0 (5.5) | 23.0 (5.7) | 0.681 |
Weight, kg | 64.2 (12.9) | 75.8 (11.5) | 58.7 (9.4) | <0.001 |
Height, cm | 168.5 (8.7) | 177.5 (6.6) | 154.1 (5.8) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 (3.5) | 24.0 (3.5) | 21.8 (3.2) | <0.001 |
BMI classification * | <0.001 | |||
Underweight | 34 (7.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 33 (11.0%) | |
Normal weight | 326 (73.4%) | 101 (70.6%) | 225 (74.7%) | |
Overweight | 68 (15.3%) | 35 (24.5%) | 33 (11.0%) | |
Obese | 16 (3.6%) | 6 (4.2%) | 10 (3.3%) | |
Social class | 0.044 | |||
High | 105 (23.7%) | 44 (30.8%) | 61 (20.3%) | |
Medium | 271 (61.0%) | 79 (55.2%) | 192 (63.8%) | |
Low | 68 (15.3%) | 20 (14.0%) | 48 (15.9%) | |
Working | ||||
Yes | 130 (29.4%) | 101 (29.4%) | 211 (29.4%) | 0.990 |
All (n = 444) | Men (n = 143) | Women (n = 301) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||||
Stress High or very high | 225 (50.6%) | 56 (39.2%) | 169 (56.7%) | <0.001 |
Health status Good or very good | 401 (91.0%) | 130 (91.6%) | 271 (90.7%) | 0.061 |
Quality of life Good or very good | 394 (88.9%) | 129 (90.2%) | 265 (88.4%) | 0.711 |
Diet | ||||
Meals/day | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.7 (0.9) | 0.024 |
Breakfast every day | 279 (63.1%) | 89 (62.2%) | 190 (63.5%) | 0.790 |
Diet quality | ||||
PREDIMED score | 5.4 (1.8) | 4.8 (1.8) | 5.6 (1.8) | <0.001 |
MDS | 5.3 (1.8) | 4.8 (1.9) | 5.5 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | ||||
Yes | 294 (66.2%) | 103 (72.0%) | 191 (63.5%) | <0.001 |
Mets-min/week | 1867.7 (2798.5) | 2835.0 (3991.4) | 1408.2 (1834.6) | <0.001 |
Minutes/week | 186.6 (89.1) | 210.0 (99.4) | 174.3 (80.9) | 0.009 |
Parent’s physical activity | 0.311 | |||
Yes, both | 79 (19.7%) | 28 (20.9%) | 51 (19.0%) | |
Yes, mother only | 49 (12.2%) | 15 (11.2%) | 34 (12.7%) | |
Yes, father only | 63 (15.7%) | 15 (11.2%) | 48 (17.9%) | |
Smoking | ||||
Yes | 86 (19.5%) | 22 (15.5%) | 64 (21.3%) | 0.148 |
Cigarettes/day | 7.1 (7.0) | 8.4 (9.2) | 6.6 (6.1) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Yes | 41.2 (59.6%) | 56.2 (73.8%) | 34.1 (50.0%) | <0.001 |
g ethanol /week | 41.2 (59.6) | 56.2 (73.8) | 34.1 (50.0) | <0.001 |
Drug consumption | ||||
Yes | 65 (14.6%) | 18 (12.6%) | 47 (15.6%) | 0.399 |
Sedentary habits | ||||
Study (h/day) | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.3 (3.4) | 3.6 (2.4) | 0.047 |
Computer (h/day) | 3.6 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.6) | 3.6 (2.4) | 0.694 |
Physical Activity | Yes (n = 294) | No (n = 150) | OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean (SD) | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 105 (35.7%) | 38 (25.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 191 (65.0%) | 110 (73.3%) | 0.62 * | 0.40–0.96 | 0.49 * | 0.29–0.85 |
Age (years) | 22.9 (5.6) | 23.3 (5.7) | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 (3.1) | 22.4 (4.2) | 1.01 | 0.96–1.07 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.09 |
Social class | ||||||
High | 72 (24.5%) | 35 (23.3%) | 1 | |||
Medium | 83 (28.2%) | 43 (28.7%) | 1.07 | 0.65–1.77 | ||
Low | 139 (47.3%) | 72 (48.0%) | 1.01 | 0.63–1.62 | ||
Mediterranean Diet Score | 5.5 (1.8) | 5.0 (1.7) | 1.13 * | 1.01–1.26 | 1.16 * | 1.02–1.32 |
Parent’s physical activity | ||||||
No | 143 (48.6%) | 89 (59.3%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes, both | 69 (23.5%) | 19 (12.7%) | 2.24 ** | 1.24–4.06 | 1.82 | 0.96–3.47 |
Yes, mother only | 39 (13.3%) | 16 (10.7%) | 1.50 | 0.77–2.92 | 1.78 | 0.83–3.82 |
Yes, father only | 43 (14.6%) | 26 (17.3%) | 1.00 | 0.57–1.79 | 0.84 | 0.45–1.55 |
Computer use (h/day) | 3.1 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.87 *** | 0.80–0.96 | 0.85 ** | 0.76–0.95 |
Studying (h/day) | 3.3 (2.0) | 3.7 (2.0) | 0.89 * | 0.81–0.98 | 0.92 | 0.81–1.04 |
Tobacco consumption | ||||||
No | 236 (80.3%) | (80.8%) | 1 | |||
Yes | 58 (19.7%) | (19.2%) | 1.02 | 0.62–1.69 | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
No | 39 (13.3%) | 29 (19.3%) | 1 | |||
Yes | 255 (86.7%) | 121 (80.7%) | 1.54 | 0.91–2.61 | ||
Drug consumption | ||||||
No | 243 (82.7%) | 121 (80.7%) | 1 | |||
Yes | 51 (17.3%) | 29 (19.3%) | 0.90 | 0.54–1.49 |
Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) | Low Adherence(MDS < 5)(n = 229) | High Adherence(MDS ≥ 5)(n = 202) | OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean (SD) | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 104 (45.4%) | 54 (26.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 125 (54.6%) | 148 (73.3%) | 2.26 *** | 1.47–3.47 | 2.98 *** | 1.80–4.93 |
Age (years) | 21.9 (4.4) | 23.4 (5.9) | 1.06 * | 1.01–1.11 | 1.08 ** | 1.02–1.14 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 (3.8) | 22.6 (3.4) | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 | 1.05 | 0.98–1.13 |
Social class | ||||||
High social class | 51 (22.3%) | 51 (25.2%) | 1 | |||
Medium social class | 73 (31.9%) | 53 (26.2%) | 0.71 | 0.40–1.27 | ||
Low social class | 105 (45.8%) | 98 (48.6%) | 0.93 | 0.54–1.58 | ||
Physical activity † | ||||||
No | 95 (41.5%) | 62 (30.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 134 (58.5%) | 140 (69.3%) | 1.61 * | 1.05–2.47 | 1.75 * | 1.09–2.80 |
Breakfast every day | ||||||
No | 114 (49.8%) | 62 (30.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 115 (50.2%) | 140 (69.3%) | 2.24 *** | 1.46–3.42 | 1.70 * | 1.05–2.76 |
Meals/day | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | 1.61 *** | 1.27–2.05 | 1.43 ** | 1.10–1.87 |
Tobacco consumption | ||||||
No | 173 (75.5%) | 168 (83.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 56 (24.5%) | 34 (16.8%) | 0.61 | 0.37–1.01 | 0.52* | 0.30–0.91 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
No | 32 (14.0%) | 31 (15.4%) | 1 | |||
Yes | 197 (86.0%) | 171 (84.6%) | 0.89 | 0.49–1.60 | ||
Drugs consumption | ||||||
No | 185 (80.8%) | 168 (83.2%) | 1 | |||
Yes | 44 (19.2%) | 34 (16.8%) | 0.86 | 0.50–1.46 |
Cluster 1 (n = 195, 44.83%) Unhealthy, High Risk | Cluster 2 (n = 48, 11.03%) Unhealthy, Moderate Risk | Cluster 3 (n = 192, 44.14%) Healthy, Low Risk | |
---|---|---|---|
Health-Related Behaviors | n(%) or Mean (SD) | ||
Stress ** | 4.14 (0.76) | 3.58 (1.07) | 2.78 (0.89) |
Health status ** | 1.18 (0.53) | 0.83 (0.43) | 0.47 (0.52) |
Quality of life ** | 1.20 (0.58) | 0.98 (0.53) | 0.60 (0.51) |
Mediterranean diet | 5.34 (1.74) | 4.82 (1.56) | 5.42 (1.83) |
Physical activity ** | 1071 (1519) | 2086 (2549) | 2473 (2547) |
Smoking ** | 37 (19.0%) | 32 (66.7%) | 15 (7.9%) |
Alcohol consumption** | 30.05 (2.15) | 109.66 (15.83) | 35.23 (2.54) |
Sociodemographic factors | |||
Age ** | 23.4 (5.7) | 26.6 (7.8) | 21.9 (4.4) |
Gender * | |||
Female | 148 (75.9%) | 29 (60.4%) | 117 (60.9%) |
Male | 47 (24.1%) | 19 (39.6%) | 75 (39.1%) |
BMI * | |||
Normal weight | 150 (77.7%) | 36 (75.0%) | 166 (87.4%) |
Obesity or overweight | 43 (22.3%) | 12 (25.0%) | 24 (12.6%) |
Social class | |||
Blue collar | 96 (50.8%) | 26 (56.5%) | 80 (43.0%) |
White collar | 93 (49.2%) | 20 (43.5%) | 106 (57.0%) |
Residence ** | |||
Parents | 130 (66.7%) | 20 (42.6%) | 146 (76.0%) |
Others | 65 (33.3%) | 27 (57.4%) | 46 (24.0%) |
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Bennasar-Veny, M.; Yañez, A.M.; Pericas, J.; Ballester, L.; Fernandez-Dominguez, J.C.; Tauler, P.; Aguilo, A. Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051776
Bennasar-Veny M, Yañez AM, Pericas J, Ballester L, Fernandez-Dominguez JC, Tauler P, Aguilo A. Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051776
Chicago/Turabian StyleBennasar-Veny, Miquel, Aina M. Yañez, Jordi Pericas, Lluis Ballester, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Dominguez, Pedro Tauler, and Antoni Aguilo. 2020. "Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051776
APA StyleBennasar-Veny, M., Yañez, A. M., Pericas, J., Ballester, L., Fernandez-Dominguez, J. C., Tauler, P., & Aguilo, A. (2020). Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051776