The Development of a Proactive Burnout Prevention Inventory: How Employees Can Contribute to Reduce Burnout Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study 1: Inventory Development and Explorative Testing
2.1. Method
2.1.1. Inventory Development
2.1.2. Explorative testing
2.1.3. Participants and Procedure
2.1.4. Analysis
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
2.2.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3. Study 2: Nomological Network
3.1. Method
3.1.1. Participants and Procedure
3.1.2. Measures
3.1.3. Analysis
3.2. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Theoretical Implications and Directions for Further Research
4.3. Practical Implications
5. Conclusion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proactive Behavior | Domain | Focus Areas | Items Based on/Adapted From | # Items |
---|---|---|---|---|
Work | ||||
Increasing/maintaining job control | Increasing/maintaining job resources | [21] | 5 | |
Increasing/maintaining supervisor social support | [22] | 3 | ||
Increasing/maintaining co-worker social support | [22,23,24] | 5 | ||
Seeking feedback | [25] | 3 | ||
Seeking/performing tasks that energize | [26] | 4 | ||
Reducing hindering job demands | Reducing hindering job demands | [18,27,28] | 8 | |
Home | ||||
Increasing/maintaining home autonomy | Increasing/maintaining home resources | [29,30] | 3 | |
Increasing/maintaining home social support | [23,31] | 5 | ||
Reducing work-home conflict | Reducing work-home conflict | [18,32,33] | 7 | |
Person | ||||
Improving/maintaining physical health Improving/maintaining psychological wellbeing | Increasing/maintaining personal resources | [18] [18] | 4 6 | |
Engaging in relaxing activities | [32] | 3 |
Proactive Behaviors and Constituent Items | Factor | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD | SD | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
Increasing/maintaining co-worker social support | 3.58 | 0.73 | 0.87 | |||||||||||||
I ask my co-workers for help, if necessary | 3.80 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.11 | 0.02 | ||
I ask my co-workers to take over work from me, if necessary | 2.98 | 1.00 | 0.86 | −0.20 | −0.07 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.10 | −0.15 | 0.13 | 0.03 | ||
I ask my co-workers for advice, if necessary | 3.80 | 0.79 | 0.82 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.14 | −0.07 | ||
I ask my co-workers for their opinion about a problem concerning work, if necessary | 3.73 | 0.83 | 0.79 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.20 | 0.14 | 0.10 | −0.11 | 0.04 | ||
Increasing/maintaining home autonomy | 3.86 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
I make sure that I can decide for myself how to do things in my spare time | 3.93 | 0.78 | −0.07 | 0.87 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.14 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.07 | ||
I make sure that I am in control of how I spend my free time | 3.83 | 0.74 | −0.08 | 0.83 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.07 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.03 | ||
I make sure that I can organize my free time myself | 3.81 | 0.81 | −0.06 | 0.81 | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.24 | 0.17 | −0.06 | −0.09 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.11 | ||
Reducing work-home conflict | 3.01 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.22 | 0.25 | |||||||||||
I make sure that I forget about work after hours | 3.06 | 0.95 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.96 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.05 | ||
I make sure that I distance myself from work after hours | 3.32 | 0.98 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.90 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.07 | |||
I make sure that I don’t think about work at all after hours | 2.63 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.00 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.03 | ||
Increasing/maintaining job control | 3.90 | 0.52 | 0.80 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.19 | ||||||||||
I make sure that I am in control of how I carry out my work | 4.11 | 0.53 | −0.16 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.84 | −001 | −0.01 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.22 | −0.12 | −0.01 | ||
I make sure that I am in control of when I carry out my work | 3.84 | 0.79 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.16 | −0.04 | ||
I make sure that I am in control of my work | 4.05 | 0.58 | −0.16 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.06 | −0.17 | −0.13 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.06 | −0.26 | 0.09 | ||
I make sure that I am in control of the pace at which I carry out my work | 3.75 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 0.10 | −0.02 | 0.62 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.18 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.02 | ||
I make sure that I am in control of my workload | 3.75 | 0.76 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.36 | −0.12 | 0.10 | −0.23 | 0.08 | −0.20 | 0.30 | 0.15 | −0.06 | ||
Improving/maintaining psychological wellbeing | 3.68 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.28 | |||||||||
I try to view stressful situations from different angles | 3.64 | 0.81 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.14 | 0.83 | −0.12 | 0.11 | −0.18 | 0.05 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.03 | ||
I try to put stressful situations into perspective | 3.67 | 0.83 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 0.12 | −0.00 | 0.79 | −0.06 | 0.11 | −0.07 | −0.03 | 0.25 | −0.05 | 0.07 | ||
I stimulate a positive mindset in myself | 3.66 | 0.84 | 0.07 | −0.23 | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.24 | −0.07 | 0.20 | −0.09 | −0.18 | 0.05 | −0.06 | ||
I try to approach a problem positively | 3.76 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.14 | 0.75 | 0.14 | −0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.13 | 0.02 | −0.13 | ||
Engaging in relaxing activities | 3.57 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.18 | ||||||||
I make sure that I do relaxing things after work | 3.56 | 0.80 | −0.00 | 0.28 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.82 | −.001 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||
I makes sure that I kick back and relax after work | 3.64 | 0.80 | −0.02 | 0.25 | 0.06 | −0.10 | 0.08 | 0.80 | −0.16 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.04 | ||
I make sure that I take time for relaxing activities after work | 3.50 | 0.84 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.78 | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.09 | ||
Increasing/maintaining home social support | 3.20 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.28 | −0.04 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.23 | |||||||
I ask my family/friends for their opinion about a problem (concerning work), if necessary | 3.15 | 1.08 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.00 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.08 | 0.80 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | ||
I ask my family/friends for advice, if necessary | 3.35 | 0.93 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.05 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.10 | 0.79 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.01 | ||
I ask my family/friends for help, if necessary | 3.10 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 0.76 | −0.08 | −0.19 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | ||
Seeking/performing tasks that energize | 3.85 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.11 | ||||||
I actively take on tasks that enable me to develop myself further | 3.82 | 0.79 | −0.11 | −0.23 | −0.02 | −0.06 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.95 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.00 | ||
I consciously take on challenging tasks that give me energy | 3.82 | 0.78 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.11 | −0.02 | ||
I apply for tasks that may be instructive to me | 3.93 | 0.73 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.17 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.29 | 0.64 | −0.04 | 0.15 | −0.080 | 0.06 | ||
Increasing/maintaining supervisor social support | 3.61 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.27 | |||||
I actively try to build a good relationship with my supervisor | 3.75 | 0.83 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.13 | −0.13 | −0.00 | 0.91 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.05 | |||
I ask my supervisor for support, if necessary | 3.54 | 0.96 | 0.21 | −0.03 | 0.09 | −0.08 | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.78 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.04 | |||
I ask my supervisor for his/her opinion about a problem concerning work, if necessary | 3.55 | 0.93 | 0.21 | −0.14 | −0.08 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.02 | ||
Feedback seeking | 2.64 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.27 | −0.08 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.42 | ||||
I seek feedback from my supervisor about my work performance | 2.77 | 0.96 | −0.16 | −0.13 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.82 | 0.01 | −0.02 | ||
I seek information from co-workers about my work performance | 2.68 | 0.83 | −0.00 | −0.23 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.18 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.82 | 0.13 | −0.02 | ||
I seek feedback from my supervisor about potential advancement within my organization | 2.48 | 1.08 | −0.02 | 0.15 | −0.01 | −0.16 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.62 | −0.17 | −0.09 | ||
Reducing hindering job demands | 2.80 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.16 | |||
I make sure that I do not have to carry out tasks that cost too much energy | 2.57 | 0.89 | −0.04 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.91 | 0.10 | ||
I make sure that my work is the least burdening/straining | 2.62 | 0.81 | −0.14 | 0.09 | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.02 | 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.87 | −0.12 | ||
I organize my work so I don’t get too stressed out | 3.21 | 0.86 | −0.12 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.17 | −0.22 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.14 | −0.13 | 0.48 | 0.09 | ||
Improving/maintaining physical health | 3.67 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.32 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | ||
I make sure that I get enough exercise | 3.71 | 0.87 | −0.05 | −0.22 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.08 | −0.00 | 0.82 | ||
I make sure that I engage enough in sports | 3.35 | 1.14 | −0.08 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.77 | ||
I make sure I eat and drink healthy | 3.94 | 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.30 | −0.21 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.00 | 0.10 | 0.70 |
M | SD | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Increasing/maintaining job control (T1) | 3.93 | 0.49 | 0.78 | -- | |||||||||||
2 | Increasing/maintaining supervisor social support (T1) | 3.57 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.13 * | -- | ||||||||||
3 | Increasing/maintaining co-worker social support (T1) | 3.49 | 0.72 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.52 ** | -- | |||||||||
4 | Feedback seeking (T1) | 2.60 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.14 * | 0.45 ** | 0.33 ** | -- | ||||||||
5 | Seeking/performing tasks that energize (T1) | 3.80 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.25 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.39 ** | -- | |||||||
6 | Reducing hindering job demands (T1) | 2.83 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.34 ** | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.09 | −0.05 | -- | ||||||
7 | Increasing/maintaining home autonomy (T1) | 3.87 | 0.70 | 0.89 | 0.32 ** | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.28 ** | -- | |||||
8 | Engaging in relaxing activities (T1) | 3.56 | 0.71 | 0.90 | 0.21 ** | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.00 | 0.12 * | 0.26 ** | 0.47 ** | -- | ||||
9 | Increasing/maintaining home social support (T1) | 3.12 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 0.27 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.10 | 0.19 ** | 0.19 ** | -- | |||
10 | Reducing work-home conflict (T1) | 3.02 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.20 ** | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.29 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.05 | -- | ||
11 | Improving/maintaining physical health (T1) | 3.64 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.14 ** | 0.10 | 0.12 * | 0.31 * | 0.15 ** | 0.17 ** | -- | |
12 | Improving/maintaining psychological wellbeing(T1) | 3.69 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.23 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.06 | 0.11 * | 0.20 ** | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.08 | -- |
13 | Proactive Personality (T1) | 3.61 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.18 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.44 ** | −0.07 | 0.12 * | 0.01 | 0.14 * | −0.11 * | 0.05 | 0.41 ** |
14 | Generalized Compliance (T1) | 4.28 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.00 | 0.08 | −0.15 ** | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
15 | Burnout (T2) | 2.08 | 0.56 | 0.94 | −0.36 ** | −0.14 * | −0.21 ** | −0.06 | −0.23 ** | −0.01 | −0.28 ** | −0.31 ** | −0.11 | −0.17 * | −0.17 * | −0.40 ** |
16 | Work Engagement (T2) | 4.04 | 1.22 | 0.95 | 0.19 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.44 ** | −0.12 | 0.10 | 0.14 * | 0.19 ** | −0.04 | 0.21 ** | 0.41 ** |
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Otto, M.C.B.; Van Ruysseveldt, J.; Hoefsmit, N.; Dam, K.V. The Development of a Proactive Burnout Prevention Inventory: How Employees Can Contribute to Reduce Burnout Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051711
Otto MCB, Van Ruysseveldt J, Hoefsmit N, Dam KV. The Development of a Proactive Burnout Prevention Inventory: How Employees Can Contribute to Reduce Burnout Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051711
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtto, Madelon C. B., Joris Van Ruysseveldt, Nicole Hoefsmit, and Karen Van Dam. 2020. "The Development of a Proactive Burnout Prevention Inventory: How Employees Can Contribute to Reduce Burnout Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051711
APA StyleOtto, M. C. B., Van Ruysseveldt, J., Hoefsmit, N., & Dam, K. V. (2020). The Development of a Proactive Burnout Prevention Inventory: How Employees Can Contribute to Reduce Burnout Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051711