Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Sampling Population and Sample Size
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Study Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators
3.2. Description of Knowledge of Leptospirosis
3.3. Description of Attitude Items Toward Prevention of Leptospirosis
3.4. Description of Practice Items Toward Prevention of Leptospirosis
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution of Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators
4.2. Distribution of Knowledge Regarding Leptospirosis Among Market Workers
4.3. Distribution of Attitude Regarding Prevention of Leptospirosis Among Market Workers
4.4. Distribution of Practice Regarding Prevention of Leptospirosis Among Market Workers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Study Group n = 147 | |
---|---|---|
Malaysian Workers n = 68 | Non-Malaysian Workers n = 79 | |
n (%) | n (%) | |
Age | ||
<40 years old | 29 (42.6) | 57 (72.2) |
≥40 years old | 39 (57.4) | 22 (27.8) |
Gender | ||
Male | 43 (63.2) | 62 (78.5) |
Female | 25 (36.8) | 17 (21.5) |
Education Level | ||
Formal Education | 60 (88.2) | 50 (63.3) |
No Formal Education | 8 (11.8) | 29 (36.7) |
Monthly Income (RM) | ||
<RM3000 | 57 (83.8) | 77 (97.5) |
≥RM3000 | 11 (16.2) | 2 (2.5) |
Type of business | ||
Retail | 25 (36.8) | 16 (20.3) |
Fish, Seafood | 4(5.9) | 20 (25.3) |
Poultry, Livestock | 12 (17.6) | 7 (8.9) |
Vegetable, Fruit | 21 (30.8) | 25 (31.6) |
Food | 3 (4.4) | 8 (10.1) |
Others | 3 (4.4) | 3 (3.8) |
No | Item | Malaysian (Total n: 68) n (%) Who Answered Correctly | Non-Malaysian (Total n: 79) n (%) Who Answered Correctly | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Causative Agent | ||||
1 | Leptospirosis caused by bacteria | 46 (67.6) | 11 (13.9) | 0.001 |
2 | Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease | 22 (32.4) | 6 (7.6) | 0.001 |
Modes of Transmission | ||||
3 | Have cuts and wound on the body | 25 (36.8) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
4 | Mosquitoes bites | 33 (48.5) | 5 (6.3) | 0.001 |
5 | Eating contaminated food | 44 (64.7) | 11 (13.9) | 0.001 |
Signs, symptoms and complication | ||||
6 | Muscle pain | 34 (50.0) | 13 (16.5) | 0.001 |
7 | Yellowing of eyes and skin | 20 (29.4) | 10 (12.7) | 0.1 |
8 | No symptoms | 20 (29.4) | 6 (7.6) | 0.005 |
9 | Lung and kidney failure | 37 (54.4) | 6 (7.6) | 0.001 |
10 | Death | 59 (73.5) | 11 (13.9) | 0.001 |
Risk factors | ||||
11 | Participate in recreational activities | 38 (55.9) | 11 (13.9) | 0.001 |
12 | Cleaning outside house and drain | 32 (47.1) | 7 (8.9) | 0.001 |
13 | Eating street food | 41 (60.3) | 10 (12.7) | 0.001 |
14 | Live near flood area | 41 (60.3) | 6 (7.6) | 0.001 |
Treatment, diagnosis and prevention | ||||
15 | Treat by antibiotic | 29 (42.6) | 7 (8.9) | 0.001 |
16 | Blood screening | 45 (66.2) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
17 | Prevent by vaccination | 17 (25.0) | 3 (3.8) | 0.001 |
18 | Cleanliness in house/workplace area should be prioritized | 54 (79.4) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
19 | Personal hygiene should be prioritized | 54 (79.4) | 10 (12.7) | 0.001 |
20 | Proper storing food/goods to avoid contamination | 42 (61.8) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
21 | Avoid walking without shoes | 47 (69.1) | 9 (11.4) | 0.001 |
22 | Install rat trap | 39 (57.4) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
No | Variable | Study Group n = 147 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly Agree (%) | Agree (%) | Neutral (%) | Disagree (%) | Strongly Disagree (%) | ||
Q1 | Food contaminated with rat excretion are not dangerous to eat. | |||||
Malaysian | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.4) | 2 (2.9) | 30 (44.1) | 28 (41.2) | |
Non-Malaysian | 4 (5.1) | 6 (7.6) | 18 (22.8) | 36 (45.6) | 15 (19.0) | |
Q2 | Presence of rats in house/workplace may cause leptospirosis. | |||||
Malaysian | 39 (57.4) | 23 (33.8) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.4) | 1 (1.5) | |
Non-Malaysian | 27 (34.2) | 23 (29.1) | 22 (27.8) | 7 (8.9) | - | |
Q3 | Uncovered dustbin may attract rats to the area. | |||||
Malaysian | 27 (39.7) | 24 (35.3) | 8 (11.8) | 5 (7.4) | 4 (5.9) | |
Non-Malaysian | 25 (31.6) | 22(27.8) | 27 (34.2) | 5 (6.3) | - | |
Q4 | Wading in the flood does not pose a risk of infection | |||||
Malaysian | 7 (10.3) | 13 (19.1) | 14 (20.6) | 22 (32.4) | 12(17.6) | |
Non-Malaysian | 3 (3.8) | 9 (11.4) | 32 (40.5) | 21 (26.6) | 14 (17.7) | |
Q5 | Your occupation may expose you to leptospirosis. | |||||
Malaysian | 19 (27.9) | 19 (27.9) | 15 (22.1) | 11 (16.2) | 4 (5.9) | |
Non-Malaysian | 13 (16.5) | 12 (15.2) | 37(46.8) | 16 (20.3) | 1(1.3) | |
Q6 | Your hobby/outdoor activity may cause you to get leptospirosis easily. | |||||
Malaysian | 16 (23.5) | 24 (35.3) | 17 (25.0) | 9 (13.2) | 2 (2.9) | |
Non-Malaysian | 8 (10.1) | 11 (13.9) | 40 (50.6) | 18 (22.8) | 2 (2.5) | |
Q7 | Unclean environment makes you more prone to have leptospirosis. | |||||
Malaysian | 28 (41.2) | 30 (44.1) | 9 (13.2) | 1 (4.5) | - | |
Non-Malaysian | 26 (32.9) | 18 (22.8) | 31 (39.2) | 4 (5.1) | - | |
Q8 | Immediate treatment for leptospirosis may avoid more serious complication. | |||||
Malaysian | 34 (50.0) | 27 (39.7) | 4 (5.9) | 3 (4.4) | - | |
Non-Malaysian | 33 (41.8) | 16 (20.3) | 24 (30.4) | 5 (6.3) | 1 (1.3) | |
Q9 | Delayed for leptospirosis treatment may cause death. | |||||
Malaysian | 37 (54.4) | 25 (36.8) | 4 (5.9) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | |
Non-Malaysian | 29 (36.7) | 19 (24.1) | 26 (32.9) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (1.3) | |
Q10 | Leptospirosis may cause organ complications. | |||||
Malaysian | 25 (36.8) | 25 (36.8) | 17 (25.0) | - | 1 (1.5) | |
Non-Malaysian | 25 (31.6) | 12 (15.2) | 34 (43.0) | 5 (6.3) | 3 (3.8) | |
Q11 | Know about leptospirosis may help in prevention of the disease. | |||||
Malaysian | 32 (47.1) | 28 (41.2) | 8 (11.8) | - | - | |
Non-Malaysian | 21 (26.6) | 23 (29.1) | 27 (34.2) | 8 (10.1) | - | |
Q12 | Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) during cleaning activity is one of disease prevention. | |||||
Malaysian | 30 (44.1) | 25 (36.8) | 10 (14.7) | 3 (4.4) | - | |
Non-Malaysian | 24 (30.4) | 26 (32.9) | 24 (30.4) | 5 (6.3) | - | |
Q13 | Cleaning program organised by the local authorities enable leptospirosis prevention. | |||||
Malaysian | 25 (36.8) | 31 (45.6) | 6 (8.8) | 4 (5.9) | 2 (2.9) | |
Non-Malaysian | 23 (29.1) | 26 (32.9) | 26 (32.9) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.3) |
No | Preventive Practice | Study Group n = 147 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaysian workers | Non-Malaysian workers | p | ||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Personal Hygiene | ||||||
1 | Washing hands with water and soap before and after using toilet | 66 (97.1) | 4 (5.9) | 75 (94.9) | 4 (5.1) | 0.512 1 |
2 | Washing hands with water and soap before and after preparing food/work | 64 (94.1) | 4 (5.9) | 75 (94.9) | 4 (5.1) | 0.827 1 |
Environmental hygiene | ||||||
3 | Washing equipment used before and after the trade | 55 (80.9) | 13 (19.1) | 64 (81.0) | 15 (19.0) | 0.984 |
4 | Washing business site | 62 (91.2) | 6 (8.8) | 69 (87.3) | 10 (12.7) | 0.818 |
5 | Throwing trash into bins provided | 64 (94.1) | 4 (5.9) | 71 (89.9) | 8 (10.1) | 0.349 |
Specific Protection | ||||||
6 | Wearing shoes/boot | 52 (76.5) | 16 (23.5) | 43 (54.4) | 36 (45.6) | 0.005 * |
7 | Wearing apron | 39 (57.4) | 29 (42.6) | 26 (32.9) | 53 (67.1) | 0.003 * |
8 | Cover each wound using a plaster neatly | 58 (85.3) | 10 (14.7) | 49 (62.0) | 30 (38.0) | 0.002 * |
Isolation | ||||||
9 | Storing stuff at the end of business inside sealed containers to prevent contamination of rats at night | 44 (64.7) | 24 (35.3) | 45 (57.0) | 34 (43.0) | 0.338 |
Eradication at source | ||||||
10 | Using rat poison to reduce population of rats in the market. | 28 (41.2) | 40 (58.8) | 18 (22.8) | 61 (77.2) | 0.016 * |
11 | Using rat trap to reduce population of rats in the market | 33 (48.5) | 35 (51.5) | 15 (19.0) | 64 (81.0) | 0.0001 * |
12 | Cleaning at the market site with cooperation from market workers and Malaysian authorities | 48 (70.6) | 20 (29.4) | 38 (48.1) | 42 (51.9) | 0.006 * |
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Samsudin, S.; Saudi, S.N.S.; Masri, N.S.; Ithnin, N.R.; T.Z.M.T, J.; Hamat, R.A.; Wan Mohd, Z.W.M.; Nazri, M.S.; Surianti, S.; Daud, A.B.; et al. Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041346
Samsudin S, Saudi SNS, Masri NS, Ithnin NR, T.Z.M.T J, Hamat RA, Wan Mohd ZWM, Nazri MS, Surianti S, Daud AB, et al. Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041346
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamsudin, Suhailah, Sakinah N.S. Saudi, Norbaya S. Masri, Nur Raihana Ithnin, Jamaluddin T.Z.M.T, Rukman A. Hamat, Zahiruddin W.M. Wan Mohd, Mohd S. Nazri, Sukeri Surianti, Aziah B. Daud, and et al. 2020. "Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041346