Organizational Downsizing, Work Conditions, and Employee Outcomes: Identifying Targets for Workplace Intervention among Survivors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Model
3. Prior Research
3.1. Downsizing, Work Conditions, and Employee Outcomes
3.2. Mediating Role of Work Conditions
4. The Present Study
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Sample and Study Design
5.1.1. Sampling Weights
5.1.2. Respondent Characteristics
5.2. Measures
5.2.1. Organizational Downsizing
5.2.2. Work Conditions
5.2.3. Employee Outcomes
5.2.4. Covariates
5.3. Data Analysis
6. Results
6.1. Research Question 1: Association of Downsizing with Work Conditions
6.2. Research Question 2: Association of Downsizing with Employee Outcomes
6.3. Research Questions 3 and 4: Work Conditions as Mediators
7. Discussion
7.1. Association of Downsizing with Work Conditions
7.2. Association of Downsizing with Employee Outcomes
7.3. Work Conditions as Mediators
7.4. Organizational and Public Health Implications
7.5. Study Limitations
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Frone, M.R. Organizational downsizing and alcohol use: A national study of US workers during the Great Recession. Addict. Behav. 2018, 77, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cameron, K.S.; Freeman, S.J.; Mishra, A.K. Downsizing and Redesigning Organizations. In Organizational Change and Redesign; Huber, G.P., Glick, W.H., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 19–65. [Google Scholar]
- Pfeffer, J. The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First; Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Kalleberg, A.L. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s; Russell Sage Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Budros, A. The new capitalism and organizational rationality: The adoption of downsizing programs, 1979–1994. Soc. Forces 1997, 76, 229–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKee-Ryan, F.M.; Song, Z.L.; Wanberg, C.R.; Kinicki, A.J. Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. J. Appl. Psychol. 2005, 90, 53–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paul, K.I.; Moser, K. Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. J. Vocat. Behav. 2009, 74, 264–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davalos, M.E.; Fang, H.; French, M.T. Easing the pain of an economic downturn: Macroeconomic conditions and excessive alcohol consumption. Health Econ. 2012, 21, 1318–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Goeij, M.C.M.; Suhrcke, M.; Toffolutti, V.; van de Mheen, D.; Schoenmakers, T.M.; Kunst, A.E. How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 131, 131–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Strandh, M.; Winefield, A.; Nilsson, K.; Hammarstrom, A. Unemployment and mental health scarring during the life course. Eur. J. Public Health 2014, 24, 440–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brand, J.E. The far-reaching impact of job loss and unemployment. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2015, 41, 359–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Maertz, C.P.; Wiley, J.W.; LeRouge, C.; Campion, M.A. Downsizing effects on survivors: Layoffs, offshoring, and outsourcing. Ind. Relat. 2010, 49, 275–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearlin, L.I.; Bierman, A. Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process. In Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, 2nd ed.; Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J., Bierman, A., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 325–340. [Google Scholar]
- Kivimäki, M.; Vahtera, J.; Pentti, J.; Ferrie, J.E. Factors underlying the effect of organisational downsizing on health of employees: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2000, 320, 971–975. [Google Scholar]
- Østhus, S. For better or worse? Workplace changes and the health and well-being of Norwegian workers. Work Employ. Soc. 2007, 21, 731–750. [Google Scholar]
- Widerszal-Bazyl, M.; Mockallo, Z. Do all types of restructuring threaten employees’ well-being? An exploratory study. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2015, 28, 689–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, J.; Corbett, J.M. The impact of downsizing on employees’ affective commitment. J. Manag. Psychol. 2006, 21, 176–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knudsen, H.K.; Johnson, J.A.; Martin, J.K.; Roman, P.M. Downsizing survival: The experience of work and organizational commitment. Sociol. Inq. 2003, 73, 265–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sigursteinsdottir, H.; Rafnsdottir, G.L. Sickness and sickness absence of remaining employees in a time of economic crisis: A study among employees of municipalities in Iceland. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 132, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harney, B.; Fu, N.; Freeney, Y. Balancing tension: Buffering the impact of organizational restructuring and downsizing on employee well-being. Hum. Resour. Manag. J. 2017, 28, 235–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahner, J.M.; Hayslip, B., Jr.; McKelvy, T.N.; Caballero, D.M. Employee age and reactions to downsizing. Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev. 2014, 79, 225–255. [Google Scholar]
- Brockner, J.; Spreitzer, G.; Mishra, A.; Hochwarter, W.; Pepper, L.; Weinberg, J. Perceived control as an antidote to the negative effects of layoffs on survivors’ organizational commitment and job performance. Adm. Sci. Q. 2004, 49, 76–100. [Google Scholar]
- Sigursteinsdottir, H.; Rafnsdottir, G.L.; Jonsdottir, G.A. Changes in occupational mental and physical health and health symptoms during the economic recession. Work 2017, 56, 603–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.S.; Lynch, J.G.; Chen, Q.M. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. J. Consum. Res. 2010, 37, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frone, M.R. Relations of negative and positive work experiences to employee alcohol use: Testing the intervening role of negative and positive work rumination. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2015, 20, 148–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hurrell, J.J., Jr.; McLaney, M.A. Exposure to job stress: A new psychometric instrument. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1988, 14, 27–28. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lisle, J.; van Veldhoven, M.; Moors, S. Questionnaire on the Experience and Evaluation of Work (QEEW); National Institute for Working Conditions: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Spector, P.E.; Jex, S.M. Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 1998, 3, 356–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peterson, M.F.; Smith, P.B.; Akande, A.; Ayestaran, S.; Bochner, S.; Callan, V.; Cho, N.G.; Jesuino, J.C.; D’Amorim, M.; Francois, P.; et al. Role-Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload: A 21-Nation Study. Acad. Manag. J. 1995, 38, 429–452. [Google Scholar]
- House, R.J.; Schuler, R.S.; Levanoni, E. Role-Conflict and Ambiguity Scales: Reality or artifacts. J. Appl. Psychol. 1983, 68, 334–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgeson, F.P.; Humphrey, S.E. The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. J. Appl. Psychol. 2006, 91, 1321–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schat, A.C.H.; Frone, M.R. Exposure to psychological aggression at work and job performance: The mediating role of job attitudes and personal health. Work Stress. 2011, 25, 23–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rospenda, K.M.; Richman, J.A. The factor structure of generalized workplace harassment. Violence Vict. 2004, 19, 221–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Den Hartog, D.N.; Van Muijen, J.J.; Koopman, P.L. Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 1997, 70, 19–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearce, C.L.; Sims, H.P., Jr. Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors. Group Dyn. 2002, 6, 172–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.T.; Brotheridge, C.M. When prey turns predatory: Workplace bullying as a predictor of counteraggression/bullying, coping, and well-being. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2006, 15, 352–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colquitt, J.A. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. J. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 86, 386–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spector, P.E. Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1985, 13, 693–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuhnert, K.W.; Vance, R.J. Job Insecurity and Moderators of the Relation between Job Insecurity and Employee Adjustment. In Stress and Well-Being at Work: Assessments and Interventions for Occupational Mental Health; Quick, J.C., Murphy, L.R., Hurrell, J.J., Eds.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 1992; pp. 48–63. [Google Scholar]
- Frone, M.R. What happened to the employed during the Great Recession? A U.S. population study of net change in employee insecurity, health, and organizational commitment. J. Vocat. Behav. 2018, 107, 246–260. [Google Scholar]
- Frone, M.R.; Tidwell, M.C.O. The meaning and measurement of work fatigue: Development and evaluation of the three-dimensional work fatigue inventory (3D-WFI). J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2015, 20, 273–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terry, P.C.; Lane, A.M. User Guide for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS); University of Southern Queensland: Darling Heights, Australia, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, D.; Clark, L.A. The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule—Expanded Form; Department of Psychology, University of Iowa: Iowa City, IA, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Frone, M.R. Obesity and absenteeism among U.S. workers: Do physical health and mental health explain the relation? J. Workplace Behav. Health 2007, 22, 65–79. [Google Scholar]
- Cammann, C.; Fichman, M.; Jenkins, D.; Klesh, J. Assessing the Attitudes and Perceptions of Organizational Members. In Assessing Organization Change; Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., III, Mirvis, P.H., Cammann, C., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1983; pp. 71–139. [Google Scholar]
- Meyer, J.P.; Allen, N.J. Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Frone, M.R. Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: Testing a model among young workers. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2000, 5, 246–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muthén, L.K.; Muthén, B.O. Mplus User’s Guide (Version 8); Muthén & Muthén: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Dimitrov, D.M. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2010, 43, 121–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Little, T.D. Longitudinal structural equation modeling; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, L.-T.; Bentler, P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ. Modeling 1999, 6, 1–55. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach; Guilford: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Preacher, K.J.; Hayes, A.F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 2008, 40, 879–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schafer, J.L.; Graham, J.W. Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychol. Methods 2002, 7, 147–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kenny, D.A.; Judd, C.M. Power anomalies in testing mediation. Psychol. Sci. 2014, 25, 334–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rucker, D.D.; Preacher, K.J.; Tormala, Z.L.; Petty, R.E. Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass. 2011, 5, 359–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlasenko, P. The Changing Nature of Recessions; American Institute for Economic Research: Great Barrington, MA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Datta, D.K.; Guthrie, J.P.; Basuil, D.; Pandey, A. Causes and Effects of Employee Downsizing: A Review and Synthesis. J. Manag. 2010, 36, 281–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brockner, J. Managing the effects of layoffs on survivors. Calif. Manag. Rev. 1992, 34, 9–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robertson, I.T.; Cooper, C.L.; Sarkar, M.; Curran, T. Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014, A systematic review. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2015, 88, 533–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wrzesniewski, A.; Dutton, J.E. Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2001, 26, 179–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A.B. Job Crafting. In An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology, 1st ed.; Peeters, M.C.W., de Jonge, J., Taris, T.W., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 414–433. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon, H.J.; Demerouti, E.; Le Blanca, P.M.; Bakker, A.B.; Bipp, T.; Verhagend, M.A.M.T. Individual job redesign: Job crafting interventions in healthcare. J. Vocat. Behav. 2018, 104, 98–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ioannidis, J.P.A. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005, 2, e124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ioannidis, J.P.A. Why most discovered true associations are inflated. Epidemiology 2008, 19, 640–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schmidt, F.L. What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology. Am. Psychol. 1992, 47, 1173–1181. [Google Scholar]
- Conway, J.M.; Lance, C.E. What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. J. Bus. Psychol. 2010, 25, 325–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Siemsen, E.; Roth, A.; Oliveira, P. Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organ. Res. Methods 2010, 13, 456–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; MacKenzie, S.B.; Podsakoff, N.P. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2012, 63, 539–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variable | Unexposed to Downsizing Unweighted n = 1475 Weighted Percentage = 63.4% | Downsizing Survivors Unweighted n = 822 Weighted Percentage = 36.6% | Total Sample Unweighted n = 2297 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted n | Weighted Percentage or Mean | Unweighted n | Weighted Percentage or Mean | Unweighted n | Weighted Percentage or Mean | |
Gender *** | ||||||
Male | 543 | 48.5% | 372 | 58.5% | 1382 | 52.2% |
Female | 932 | 51.5% | 450 | 41.5% | 915 | 47.8% |
Race | ||||||
White | 1199 | 70.1% | 651 | 65.5% | 1850 | 68.4% |
Minority | 276 | 29.9% | 171 | 34.5% | 447 | 31.6% |
Age | 1475 | 40.0 | 822 | 40.6 | 2297 | 40.2 |
Education * | 1475 | 5.8 | 822 | 6.0 | 2297 | 5.9 |
Family Income (median) *** | 1475 | 60,000 | 822 | 75,000 | 2297 | 65,000 |
U.S. Census Division* | ||||||
New England | 101 | 4.6% | 54 | 5.1% | 155 | 4.8% |
Middle Atlantic | 247 | 14.6% | 131 | 12.9% | 378 | 14.0% |
East North Central | 294 | 15.6% | 153 | 14.4% | 447 | 15.2% |
West North Central | 141 | 7.7% | 74 | 6.6% | 215 | 7.3% |
South Atlantic | 247 | 21.6% | 131 | 19.5% | 378 | 20.8% |
East South Central | 77 | 7.0% | 32 | 5.7% | 109 | 6.5% |
West South Central | 120 | 9.2% | 43 | 7.7% | 163 | 8.6% |
Mountain | 90 | 6.3% | 56 | 6.2% | 146 | 6.2% |
Pacific | 158 | 13.4% | 148 | 22.1% | 306 | 16.6% |
Occupations *** | ||||||
Management/business/financial | 176 | 11.1% | 155 | 17.3% | 331 | 13.4% |
Professional | 504 | 30.6% | 321 | 35.1% | 825 | 32.2% |
Service | 237 | 19.5% | 50 | 7.0% | 287 | 14.9% |
Sales | 120 | 8.1% | 51 | 7.5% | 171 | 7.9% |
Office/administrative support | 238 | 14.4% | 120 | 14.3% | 358 | 14.4% |
Construction/extraction/farming/ | 26 | 2.3% | 22 | 4.3% | 48 | 3.0% |
fishing/forestry | ||||||
Installation/maintenance/repair | 48 | 4.1% | 21 | 2.9% | 69 | 3.7% |
Production | 51 | 3.7% | 37 | 3.7% | 88 | 3.7% |
Transportation/material moving | 75 | 6.2% | 45 | 7.9% | 120 | 6.8% |
Industry *** | ||||||
Agriculture/forestry/mining/construction | 35 | 2.9% | 40 | 6.9% | 75 | 4.3% |
Manufacturing | 108 | 7.7% | 132 | 14.2% | 240 | 10.1% |
Trade | 186 | 12.3% | 74 | 12.3% | 260 | 12.3% |
Information sector | 27 | 1.5% | 41 | 5.4% | 68 | 2.9% |
Financial/real estate/management companies | 96 | 6.2% | 67 | 8.2% | 163 | 6.9%d |
Professional/scientific/technical services | 86 | 5.7% | 63 | 7.9% | 149 | 6.5% |
Education services | 232 | 13.9% | 149 | 14.5% | 381 | 14.1% |
Health services | 303 | 17.3% | 113 | 10.7% | 416 | 14.9% |
Leisure/hospitality | 116 | 11.4% | 31 | 6.6% | 147 | 9.6% |
Administrative/support/other services | 84 | 6.9% | 46 | 5.5% | 130 | 6.4% |
Government/utilities | 146 | 10.4% | 36 | 3.6% | 182 | 7.9% |
Transportation | 56 | 3.8% | 30 | 4.3% | 86 | 4.0% |
Employer has more than one work location *** | ||||||
No | 530 | 35.5% | 181 | 24.3% | 711 | 31.4% |
Yes | 945 | 64.5% | 641 | 75.7% | 1586 | 68.6% |
Number of employees at workplace *** | 1475 | 3.8 | 822 | 4.8 | 2297 | 4.2 |
Number of total employees *** | 1475 | 5.9 | 822 | 7.2 | 2297 | 6.4 |
Job Tenure (years) | 1475 | 5.3 | 822 | 5.6 | 2297 | 5.4 |
Number of Weekly Work Hours *** | 1475 | 39.6 | 822 | 42.9 | 2297 | 40.8 |
Seasonal Job | ||||||
No | 1395 | 92.8% | 793 | 95.2% | 2188 | 93.7% |
Yes | 80 | 7.2% | 29 | 4.8% | 109 | 6.3% |
Precarious employment | ||||||
No | 1284 | 86.3% | 704 | 83.3% | 1988 | 85.2% |
Yes | 191 | 13.7% | 118 | 16.7% | 309 | 14.8% |
Union Member ** | ||||||
No | 1224 | 84.6% | 627 | 79.0% | 1851 | 82.5% |
Yes | 251 | 15.4% | 195 | 21.0% | 446 | 17.5% |
Calendar quarter *** | 1475 | 4.5 | 822 | 4.1 | 2297 | 4.4 |
Work Conditions | b (SE) | Work Conditions | b (SE) |
---|---|---|---|
WORK ROLE | REWARDS | ||
Work demands | 0.178 (0.065) ** | Distributive justice | −0.272 (0.057) *** |
Role conflict | 0.193 (0.057) *** | Promotion opportunities | −0.297 (0.059) *** |
Role ambiguity | 0.058 (0.036) | ||
Work autonomy | 0.037 (0.040) | ||
INTERPERSONAL | SECURITY | ||
Supervisor aggression | 0.098 (0.043) * | Job insecurity | 0.450 (0.054) *** |
Coworker aggression | 0.066 (0.051) | Employment insecurity | 0.234 (0.051) *** |
Friendship formation | −0.172 (0.050) *** | ||
Dysfunctional leadership | 0.180 (0.048) *** |
Employee Outcomes | Total Effect b (SE) | Total Indirect Effect b (SE) | Direct Effect b (SE) |
---|---|---|---|
INABILITY TO DETACH | |||
Negative work rumination | 0.127 (0.044) ** | 0.084 (0.021) *** | 0.043 (0.042) |
Inability to unwind | 0.187 (0.074) * | 0.156 (0.036) *** | 0.031 (0.073) |
ENERGY DEPLETION | |||
Physical work fatigue | 0.070 (0.070) | 0.123 (0.033) *** | −0.053 (0.068) |
Mental work fatigue | 0.126 (0.070) | 0.150 (0.036) *** | −0.024 (0.071) |
Emotional work fatigue | 0.124 (0.063) * | 0.187 (0.035) *** | −0.063 (0.061) |
NEGATIVE AFFECT | |||
Depression | 0.115 (0.039) ** | 0.078 (0.019) *** | 0.037 (0.041) |
Anxiety | 0.121 (0.038) ** | 0.070 (0.018) *** | 0.050 (0.039) |
Anger | 0.131 (0.038) *** | 0.038 (0.017) * | 0.093 (0.039) * |
POSITIVE AFFECT | |||
Happiness | −0.087 (0.028) ** | −0.055 (0.012) *** | −0.032 (0.028) |
Confidence | −0.080 (0.030) ** | −0.048 (0.013) *** | −0.032 (0.029) |
Vigor | −0.087 (0.031) ** | −0.056 (0.013) *** | −0.032 (0.031) |
HEALTH | |||
Physical | −0.064 (0.051) | −0.059 (0.018) *** | −0.006 (0.051) |
Mental | −0.125 (0.054) * | −0.116 (0.024) *** | −0.009 (0.056) |
WORK ATTITUDES | |||
Job satisfaction | −0.195 (0.051) *** | −0.170 (0.033) *** | −0.026 (0.042) |
Organizational commitment | −0.258 (0.055) *** | −0.198 (0.037) *** | −0.060 (0.048) |
Turnover intentions | 0.203 (0.062) *** | 0.211 (0.037) *** | −0.009 (0.054) |
Employee Outcomes/ Mediators | Indirect Effect b (95% BC CI) | Employee Outcomes/ Mediators | Indirect Effect b (95% BC CI) |
---|---|---|---|
INABILITY TO DETACH | POSITIVE AFFECT | ||
Negative work rumination | Happiness | ||
Work demands | 0.019 (0.006, 0.040) | Friendship formation | −0.010 (−0.020, −0.004) |
Dysfunctional leadership | 0.022 (0.008, 0.047) | Dysfunctional leadership | −0.008 (−0.020, −0.001) |
Distributive justice | 0.018 (0.006, 0.033) | Distributive justice | −0.008 (−0.018, −0.001) |
Inability to unwind | Employment insecurity | −0.011 (−0.021, −0.005) | |
Work demands | 0.045 (0.015, 0.086) | Confidence | |
Role conflict | 0.023 (0.007, 0.051) | Friendship formation | −0.006 (−0.016, −0.001) |
Dysfunctional leadership | 0.025 (0.007, 0.054) | Distributive justice | −0.010 (−0.021, −0.003) |
Job insecurity | 0.052 (0.013, 0.096) | Employment insecurity | −0.017 (−0.028, −0.008) |
Vigor | |||
ENERGY DEPLETION | Friendship formation | −0.008 (−0.019, −0.002) | |
Physical work fatigue | Distributive justice | −0.013 (−0.026, −0.004) | |
Work demands | 0.045 (0.015, 0.087) | Employment insecurity | −0.016 (−0.028, −0.007) |
Supervisor aggression | 0.020 (0.005, 0.048) | ||
Employment insecurity | 0.031 (0.013, 0.056) | HEALTH | |
Mental work fatigue | Physical health | ||
Work demands | 0.052 (0.018, 0.098) | Friendship formation | −0.009 (−0.024, −0.001) |
Supervisor aggression | 0.018 (0.003, 0.046) | Distributive justice | −0.021 (−0.043, −0.007) |
Job insecurity | 0.040 (0.003, 0.082) | Mental health | |
Employment insecurity | 0.020 (0.005, 0.043) | Supervisor aggression | −0.012 (−0.031, −0.002) |
Emotional work fatigue | Distributive justice | −0.024 (−0.046, −0.010) | |
Work demands | 0.035 (0.012, 0.070) | Job insecurity | −0.043 (−0.080, −0.011) |
Role conflict | 0.021 (0.008, 0.042) | Employment insecurity | −0.026 (−0.047, −0.012) |
Supervisor aggression | 0.012 (0.001, 0.031) | ||
Dysfunctional leadership | 0.019 (0.003, 0.044) | WORK ATTITUDES | |
Job insecurity | 0.057 (0.024, 0.100) | Job satisfaction | |
Employment insecurity | 0.022 (0.007, 0.043) | Friendship formation | −0.024 (−0.044, −0.010) |
Dysfunctional leadership | −0.033 (−0.062, −0.014) | ||
NEGATIVE AFFECT | Distributive justice | −0.036 (−0.060, −0.020) | |
Depression | Promotion opportunity | −0.024 (−0.043, −0.011) | |
Work demands | 0.007 (0.001, 0.019) | Job insecurity | −0.026 (−0.051, −0.001) |
Friendship formation | 0.009 (0.002, 0.021) | Organizational commitment | |
Employment insecurity | 0.016 (0.006, 0.030) | Friendship formation | −0.042 (−0.072, −0.019) |
Anxiety | Dysfunctional leadership | −0.039 (−0.070, −0.019) | |
Work demands | 0.009 (0.002, 0.023) | Distributive justice | −0.047 (−0.074, −0.026) |
Friendship formation | 0.008 (0.001, 0.020) | Promotion opportunity | −0.044 (−0.072, −0.025) |
Distributive justice | 0.010 (0.001, 0.024) | Turnover intentions | |
Employment insecurity | 0.023 (0.012, 0.041) | Role conflict | 0.015 (0.005, 0.033) |
Anger | Friendship formation | 0.021 (0.008, 0.043) | |
Work demands | 0.010 (0.003, 0.024) | Dysfunctional leadership | 0.038 (0.017, 0.070) |
Friendship formation | 0.010 (0.002, 0.024) | Distributive justice | 0.042 (0.022, 0.069) |
Dysfunctional leadership | 0.011 (0.001, 0.028) | Promotion opportunity | 0.043 (0.023, 0.071) |
Distributive justice | 0.014 (0.003, 0.030) | Job insecurity | 0.046 (0.018, 0.0081) |
Employment insecurity | −0.018 (−0.034, −0.006) |
Mediating Work Conditions | Outcome Group | Specific Outcomes |
---|---|---|
WORK ROLE | ||
Work demands | Inability to detach | Negative work rumination (+); Inability to unwind (+) |
Energy depletion | Physical work fatigue (+); Mental work fatigue (+); Emotional work fatigue (+) | |
Negative affect | Depression (+); Anxiety (+); Anger (+) | |
Role conflict | Inability to detach | Inability to unwind (+) |
Energy depletion | Emotional work fatigue (+) | |
Work attitudes | Turnover intentions (+) | |
INTERPERSONAL | ||
Supervisor aggression | Energy depletion | Physical work fatigue (+); Mental work fatigue (+); Emotional work fatigue (+) |
Health | Mental health (−) | |
Friendship formation | Negative affect | Depression (+); Anxiety (+); Anger (+) |
Positive affect | Happiness (−); Confidence (−); Vigor (−) | |
Health | Physical health (−) | |
Work attitudes | Job satisfaction (−); Organizational commitment (−); Turnover intentions (+) | |
Dysfunctional leadership | Inability to detach | Negative work rumination (+); Inability to unwind (+) |
Energy depletion | Emotional work fatigue (+) | |
Negative affect | Anger (+) | |
Positive affect | Happiness (−) | |
Work attitudes | Job satisfaction (−); Organizational commitment (−); Turnover intentions (+) | |
REWARDS | ||
Distributive justice | Inability to detach | Negative work rumination (+) |
Negative affect | Anxiety (+); Anger (+) | |
Positive affect | Happiness (−); Confidence (−); Vigor (−) | |
Health | Physical health (−); Mental health (−) | |
Work attitudes | Job satisfaction (−); Organizational commitment (−); Turnover intentions (+) | |
Promotion opportunities | Work attitudes | Job satisfaction (−); Organizational commitment (−); Turnover intentions (+) |
SECURITY | ||
Job insecurity | Inability to detach | Inability to unwind (+) |
Energy depletion | Mental work fatigue (+); Emotional work fatigue (+) | |
Health | Mental health (−) | |
Employment insecurity | Work attitudes | Job satisfaction (−); Turnover intentions (+) |
Energy depletion | Physical work fatigue (+); Mental work fatigue (+); Emotional work fatigue (+) | |
Negative affect | Depression (+); Anxiety (+) | |
Positive affect | Happiness (−); Confidence (−); Vigor (−) | |
Health | Mental health (−) | |
Work attitudes | Turnover intentions (−) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Frone, M.R.; Blais, A.-R. Organizational Downsizing, Work Conditions, and Employee Outcomes: Identifying Targets for Workplace Intervention among Survivors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030719
Frone MR, Blais A-R. Organizational Downsizing, Work Conditions, and Employee Outcomes: Identifying Targets for Workplace Intervention among Survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030719
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrone, Michael R., and Ann-Renee Blais. 2020. "Organizational Downsizing, Work Conditions, and Employee Outcomes: Identifying Targets for Workplace Intervention among Survivors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030719