Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Rice Bran for the Study
2.2. Animals and Diets
2.3. Animal Feeding Trial
2.4. Collection of Tissue Samples
2.5. Laboratory Arsenic Determination
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Behavior Observation
3.2. Fecal Arsenic Concentration
3.3. Hair Arsenic Concentration
3.4. Urinary Arsenic Concentration
3.5. Arsenic Concentrations of Internal Tissues
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran on Growth Performance of Pigs
4.2. Transportation and Distribution of Arsenic in Pig Body
4.3. Excretion of Arsenic from Pig Body
4.4. Human Health Implication
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
As | Arsenic |
ADG | average daily gain |
ADFI | average daily feed intake |
BW | body weight |
G:F | gain to feed ratio |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
ICP-MS | Inductively Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry |
NRC | National Research Council |
PDIFF | p-values for differences |
ppb | parts per billion |
ppm | parts per million |
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Item | Diet 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diet I | Diet II | Diet III | |
Ingredient | |||
Corn | 78.475 | 43.958 | 0.000 |
Rice bran 2 | 0.000 | 36.732 | 73.464 |
Soybean meal | 18.400 | 14.400 | 18.500 |
Poultry fat | 0.000 | 2.100 | 6.000 |
L-Lysine●HCl | 0.450 | 0.480 | 0.290 |
DL-Methionine | 0.060 | 0.065 | 0.050 |
L-Threonine | 0.120 | 0.170 | 0.100 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.001 |
L-Isoleucine | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.000 |
L-Valine | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.000 |
L-Cysteine●HCl, anhydrous | 0.060 | 0.090 | 0.080 |
Limestone | 0.850 | 1.200 | 1.200 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.200 | 0.350 | 0.000 |
Salt | 0.180 | 0.180 | 0.180 |
Mineral premix 3 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 |
Vitamin premix 3 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 0.065 |
Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 |
Item | Diet 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diet I | Diet II | Diet III | |
Calculated composition | |||
Net energy, kcal/kg | 2518 | 2508 | 2528 |
Total crude protein | 15.7 | 15.6 | 18.7 |
SID 2 crude protein | 13.2 | 8.0 | 9.5 |
SID lysine | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 |
SID methionine + cystine | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.56 |
SID threonine | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
SID tryptophan | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
SID arginine | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1.23 |
SID histidine | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.40 |
SID leucine | 1.24 | 1.03 | 0.99 |
SID isoleucine | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
SID valine | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.66 |
SID phenylalanine + tyrosine | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.12 |
Linoleic Acid | 1.62 | 2.05 | 2.69 |
Crude fiber | 2.22 | 4.19 | 6.24 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 9.76 | 15.43 | 20.69 |
Acid detergent fiber | 3.20 | 6.41 | 9.83 |
Total Ca | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
STTD 3 P | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.43 |
Arsenic, ppb | 0.00 | 306 | 612 |
Analyzed composition4 | |||
Dry matter | 88.2 | 90.3 | 92.2 |
Gross energy, kcal/kg | 3957 | 4729 | 5227 |
Crude protein | 15.1 | 15.5 | 18.2 |
Crude fat | 1.8 | 10.2 | 18.2 |
Crude fiber | 3.16 | 3.36 | 4.36 |
Ash | 4.83 | 6.99 | 9.46 |
Arsenic, ppb | 134 | 448 | 633 |
Item 2 | Diet 3 | p-Value 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Diet I | Diet II | Diet III | ||
Initial BW, kg | 26.2 ± 2.52 | 26.2 ± 1.96 | 26.5 ± 2.07 | 0.955 |
Final BW, kg | 72.0 a ± 5.50 | 68.0 a ± 5.33 | 55.9 b ± 8.81 | 0.001 |
ADG, kg/day | 1.09 a ± 0.08 | 0.99 a ± 0.09 | 0.69 b ± 0.18 | <0.0001 |
ADFI, kg/day | 2.29 a ± 0.23 | 2.14 a ± 0.17 | 1.73 b ± 0.23 | <0.0001 |
G:F ratio 5 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.141 |
Tissue | Diet 2 | F-Stat 3 | p-Value 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet I | Diet II | Diet III | II vs. I | III vs. I | III vs. II | ||
Blood | <10 | <10 | <10 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Muscle | <10 | <10 | <10 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Liver | <10 | 19.6 | 13.6 | 0.16 | 0.296 | 0.272 | 0.696 |
Kidney | <10 a | 21.0 b | 18.0 b | 1.40 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.249 |
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Liao, S.F.; Hasan, M.S.; Yang, Z.; Stevens, A.W.; Brett, J.; Peng, Z. Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228530
Liao SF, Hasan MS, Yang Z, Stevens AW, Brett J, Peng Z. Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228530
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Shengfa F., M. Shamimul Hasan, Zhongyue Yang, Andrew W. Stevens, James Brett, and Zhaohua Peng. 2020. "Feeding Arsenic-Containing Rice Bran to Growing Pigs: Growth Performance, Arsenic Tissue Distribution, and Arsenic Excretion" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228530