Association between Overweight, Obesity and the Prevalence of Multimorbidity among the Elderly: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis in Shandong, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Data Collection
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variable
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Prevalence of Multimorbidity by Body Mass Index (BMI) Categories
3.3. Association between BMI Categories and the Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Male and Female Older Adults
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total n (%) | Males n (%) | Females n (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Observations | 7070 (100) | 2846 (40.25) | 4224 (59.75) | |
Age (mean; SD) | 69.81 (6.45) | 70.29 (6.40) | 69.48 (6.46) | 0.000 a |
Age Group | 0.000 b | |||
60–69 | 3706 (52.42) | 1386 (48.70) | 2320 (54.92) | |
70–79 | 2755 (38.97) | 1199 (42.13) | 1556 (36.84) | |
≥80 | 609 (8.61) | 261 (9.17) | 348 (8.24) | |
Residence | 0.000 b | |||
Rural | 5514 (77.99) | 2366 (83.13) | 3148 (74.53) | |
Urban | 1556 (22.01) | 480 (16.87) | 1076 (25.47) | |
Education level | 0.000 b | |||
Illiteracy | 2270 (32.11) | 491 (17.25) | 1779 (42.12) | |
Primary school | 2924 (41.36) | 1294 (45.47) | 1630 (38.59) | |
Junior high school | 1315 (18.60) | 718 (25.23) | 597 (14.13) | |
High school or above | 561 (7.93) | 343 (12.05) | 218 (5.16) | |
Self-rated economic status | 0.036 b | |||
Wealthy and not worried about livelihood | 1618 (22.89) | 696 (24.46) | 922 (21.83) | |
Not wealthy but not worried about livelihood | 4920 (69.59) | 1932 (67.88) | 2988 (70.74) | |
Not wealthy and worried about livelihood | 478 (6.76) | 192 (6.75) | 286 (6.77) | |
Poor and worried about livelihood | 54 (0.76) | 26 (0.91) | 28 (0.66) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Never | 5365 (75.88) | 1229 (43.18) | 4136 (97.92) | 0.000 b |
Former | 552 (7.81) | 527 (18.52) | 25 (0.59) | |
Current | 1153 (16.31) | 1090 (38.30) | 63 (1.49) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Never | 5029 (71.13) | 886 (31.13) | 4143 (98.08) | 0.000 b |
Former | 903 (12.77) | 875 (30.74) | 28 (0.66) | |
Current | 1138 (16.10) | 1085 (38.12) | 53 (1.25) | |
Exercise situation (per day) | 0.150 b | |||
Never | 2719 (38.46) | 1137 (39.95) | 1582 (37.45) | |
Less than 20 min | 507 (7.17) | 193 (6.78) | 314 (7.43) | |
More than 20 less than 40 min | 1680 (23.76) | 673 (23.65) | 1007 (23.84) | |
More than 40 min | 2164 (30.61) | 843 (29.62) | 1321 (31.27) | |
Self-rated health | 0.000 b | |||
Good | 3782 (53.49) | 1610 (56.47) | 2172 (51.42) | |
Normal | 1992 (28.18) | 747 (26.25) | 759 (29.47) | |
Bad | 1296 (18.33) | 489 (17.18) | 390 (19.11) | |
BMI (mean; SD) | 24.68 (3.69) | 23.99 (3.40) | 25.15 (3.80) | 0.000 a |
BMI categories | 0.000 b | |||
Underweight | 235 (3.32) | 122 (4.29) | 113 (2.68) | |
Normal | 2866 (40.54) | 1344 (47.22) | 1522 (36.03) | |
Overweight | 2775 (39.25) | 1060 (37.25) | 1715 (40.60) | |
Obesity | 1194 (16.89) | 320 (11.24) | 874 (20.69) | |
Number of chronic diseases | 0.000 b | |||
0 | 2208 (31.23) | 1024 (35.98) | 1184 (28.03) | |
1 | 2408 (34.06) | 966 (33.94) | 1442 (34.14) | |
≥2 | 2454 (34.71) | 856 (30.08) | 1598 (37.83) |
Characteristics | BMI Categories | p * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obesity | |||
Total | Multimorbidity | 0.000 | ||||
No | 171 (72.77) | 2025 (70.66) | 1759 (63.39) | 661 (55.36) | ||
Yes | 64 (27.23) | 841 (29.34) | 1016 (36.61) | 533 (44.64) | ||
Males | Multimorbidity | 0.000 | ||||
No | 87 (71.331) | 997 (74.18) | 716 (67.55) | 190 (59.38) | ||
Yes | 35 (28.69) | 347 (25.82) | 344 (32.45) | 130 (40.62) | ||
Females | Multimorbidity | 0.000 | ||||
No | 1028 (67.54) | 84 (74.34) | 1043 (60.82) | 471 (53.89) | ||
Yes | 494 (32.46) | 29 (25.66) | 672 (39.18) | 403 (46.11) |
Variables | Males (n = 2846) | Females (n = 4224) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Covariates * | Unadjusted | Covariates * | |||||
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
BMI categories (ref: normal) | ||||||||
Underweight | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.490 | 1.00 (0.64–1.56) | 0.995 | 0.72 (0.46–1.11) | 0.137 | 0.63 (0.40–0.99) | 0.048 |
Overweight | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) | 0.000 | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.16–1.55) | 0.000 | 1.42 (1.21–1.65) | 0.000 |
Obesity | 1.97 (1.52–2.54) | 0.000 | 2.14 (1.63–2.82) | 0.000 | 1.78 (1.50–2.11) | 0.000 | 1.81 (1.51–2.17) | 0.000 |
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Hu, F.; Xu, L.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J.; Gao, Z.; Hong, Z. Association between Overweight, Obesity and the Prevalence of Multimorbidity among the Elderly: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis in Shandong, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228355
Hu F, Xu L, Zhou J, Zhang J, Gao Z, Hong Z. Association between Overweight, Obesity and the Prevalence of Multimorbidity among the Elderly: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis in Shandong, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228355
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Fangfang, Lingzhong Xu, Jinling Zhou, Jiao Zhang, Zhaorong Gao, and Zhuang Hong. 2020. "Association between Overweight, Obesity and the Prevalence of Multimorbidity among the Elderly: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis in Shandong, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228355