The Association between Type and Intensity of Sport and Tobacco or Nicotine Use—A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Swiss Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Tobacco Use
- cigarettes and vaping: no use, occasional (5–6 days/week, 3–4 days/week, 1–2 days/week, 2–3 days/month, once a month or less), daily
- snus and snuff: no use, occasional (2–3 days/month, once a month or less), weekly (daily, 5–6 days/week, 3–4 days/week, 1–2 days/week).
2.4. Physical Activity, Type and Intensity of Sport
- 675 MET/min per week: minimum weekly energy expenditure recommended
- 1350 MET/min per week: weekly energy expenditure recommended for additional benefits on health.
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Tobacco, Nicotine and Other Substance Use
3.3. Type of Sport (Team vs. Individual) and Tobacco/Nicotine Use
3.4. Type of Sport (Mitchell’s Classification) and Tobacco/Nicotine Use
3.5. Intensity of Sport (MET/Min per Week) and Tobacco/Nicotine Use
4. Discussion
4.1. Major Findings
4.2. Comparison of Our Findings with Those Reported in the Literature
4.3. Interpretation of Our Findings
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No Sport (N = 1980, 36.6%) | Sport (N = 3434, 63.4%) | Total (N = 5414) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, Mean (SD) | 25.6 | 1.28 | 25.4 | 1.24 | 25.5 | 1.26 | <0.001 |
Highest achieved education, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
primary schooling | 106 | 5.4 | 83 | 2.4 | 189 | 3.5 | |
vocational schooling | 944 | 47.7 | 1261 | 36.7 | 2205 | 40.7 | |
post-secondary school | 930 | 47.0 | 2090 | 60.9 | 3020 | 55.8 | |
BMI continuous, Mean (SD) | 24.3 | 4.22 | 23.9 | 3.06 | 24.1 | 3.53 | <0.001 |
Linguistic region, N (%) | 0.064 | ||||||
French | 1109 | 56.0 | 2012 | 58.6 | 3121 | 57.6 | |
German | 871 | 44.0 | 1422 | 41.4 | 2293 | 42.4 | |
Cigarette smoking, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 1097 | 55.4 | 2324 | 67.7 | 3421 | 63.2 | |
occasional | 286 | 14.4 | 602 | 17.5 | 888 | 16.4 | |
daily | 597 | 30.2 | 508 | 14.8 | 1105 | 20.4 | |
Snus use, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 1781 | 90.0 | 2921 | 85.1 | 4702 | 86.9 | |
occasional | 131 | 6.6 | 328 | 9.6 | 459 | 8.5 | |
weekly | 68 | 3.4 | 185 | 5.4 | 253 | 4.7 | |
Snuff use, N (%) | 0.314 | ||||||
no use | 1625 | 82.1 | 2763 | 80.5 | 4388 | 81.1 | |
occasional | 316 | 16.0 | 591 | 17.2 | 907 | 16.8 | |
weekly | 39 | 2.0 | 80 | 2.3 | 119 | 2.2 | |
Vaping, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 1834 | 92.6 | 3282 | 95.6 | 5116 | 94.5 | |
occasional | 115 | 5.8 | 114 | 3.3 | 229 | 4.2 | |
daily | 31 | 1.6 | 38 | 1.1 | 69 | 1.3 | |
Alcohol use: binge drinking, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
never | 487 | 24.6 | 669 | 19.5 | 1156 | 21.4 | |
< once a month | 764 | 38.6 | 1417 | 41.3 | 2181 | 40.3 | |
≥ once a month | 729 | 36.8 | 1348 | 39.3 | 2077 | 38.4 | |
Alcohol at risk use, N (%) | 0.017 | ||||||
not at risk | 1810 | 91.4 | 3200 | 93.2 | 5010 | 92.5 | |
at risk | 170 | 8.6 | 234 | 6.8 | 404 | 7.5 | |
Cannabis use, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 1318 | 66.6 | 2450 | 71.4 | 3768 | 69.6 | |
occasional | 414 | 20.9 | 774 | 22.5 | 1188 | 21.9 | |
more than weekly | 248 | 12.5 | 210 | 6.1 | 458 | 8.5 | |
Drugs use, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 1646 | 83.1 | 3030 | 88.2 | 4676 | 86.4 | |
use | 334 | 16.9 | 404 | 11.8 | 738 | 13.6 |
Unadjusted Model | p-Value | Model 1 | p-Value | Model 2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Cigarette smoking | 0.59(0.53–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.63(0.56–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.68(0.60–0.77) | <0.001 |
Snus use | 1.57(1.32–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.63(1.36–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.73(1.44–2.07) | <0.001 |
Snuff use | 1.11(0.96–1.28) | 0.145 | 1.15(0.99–1.33) | 0.065 | 1.19(1.03–1.38) | 0.022 |
Vaping | 0.58(0.46–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.63(0.50–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.71(0.55–0.90) | 0.005 |
Team (N = 1016, 29.6%) | Individual (N = 2418, 70.4%) | Total (N = 3434) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Cigarette smoking | 0.532 | ||||||
no use | 691 | 68.0 | 1633 | 67.5 | 2324 | 67.7 | |
occasional | 168 | 16.5 | 434 | 18.0 | 602 | 17.5 | |
daily | 157 | 15.5 | 351 | 14.5 | 508 | 14.8 | |
Snus use | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 817 | 80.4 | 2104 | 87.0 | 2921 | 85.1 | |
occasional | 125 | 12.3 | 203 | 8.4 | 328 | 9.6 | |
weekly | 74 | 7.3 | 111 | 4.6 | 185 | 5.4 | |
Snuff use | <0.001 | ||||||
no use | 776 | 76.4 | 1987 | 82.2 | 2763 | 80.5 | |
occasional | 217 | 21.4 | 374 | 15.5 | 591 | 17.2 | |
weekly | 23 | 2.3 | 57 | 2.4 | 80 | 2.3 | |
Vaping | 0.093 | ||||||
no use | 983 | 96.8 | 2299 | 95.1 | 3282 | 95.6 | |
occasional | 25 | 2.5 | 89 | 3.7 | 114 | 3.3 | |
daily | 8 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.2 | 38 | 1.1 |
Unadjusted Model | p-Value | Model 1 | p-Value | Model 2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Cigarette smoking | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.785 | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 0.720 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.925 |
Snus use | 0.61 (0.50–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.53–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.51–0.77) | <0.001 |
Snuff use | 0.70 (0.59–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | 0.001 |
Vaping | 1.54 (1.04–2.28) | 0.031 | 1.50 (1.01–2.23) | 0.044 | 1.54 (1.03–2.30) | 0.036 |
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Gossin, M.; Gmel, G.; Studer, J.; Saubade, M.; Clair, C. The Association between Type and Intensity of Sport and Tobacco or Nicotine Use—A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Swiss Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228299
Gossin M, Gmel G, Studer J, Saubade M, Clair C. The Association between Type and Intensity of Sport and Tobacco or Nicotine Use—A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Swiss Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228299
Chicago/Turabian StyleGossin, Marine, Gerhard Gmel, Joseph Studer, Mathieu Saubade, and Carole Clair. 2020. "The Association between Type and Intensity of Sport and Tobacco or Nicotine Use—A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Swiss Men" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228299