Work Engagement among Prison Officers. The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors in the Polish and Indonesian Penitentiary Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- The influence of factors defined as individual: age and occupational inheritance (representing a subsequent generation working in the uniformed services), strategies of coping with job stress, and subjective well-being,
- -
- The influence of organizational factors, namely, penitentiary unit type (open, closed, semi-open), single- or multi-shift work.
- What are the work engagement and subjective well-being levels, as well as the coping strategies of POs? Are there differences between the Polish and Indonesian groups?
- Do individual and organizational factors impact work engagement levels? Are there differences between the Polish and Indonesian groups?
- Which of the analyzed variables are dignificant predictors of work engagement levels among POs in each of the two countries?
2. Materials and Methods
Ethics Approval
- (1)
- Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) by Ch. C. Carver, M. F. Scheier, and J. K. Weintraub [56]. The questionnaire assesses 15 strategies of coping in stressful situations. It is based on self-assessment and it comprises 60 statements, with answers given on a 4-point Likert-type scale from 1 (I usually don’t do this at all) to 4 (I usually do this a lot). Individual coping strategies can be aggregated into more general strategies [57,58,59]. In the current study, a method of aggregation was chosen that would simultaneously fit the data from the Polish and the Indonesian group. The strategies were divided into three groups:
- (a)
- Active coping, comprising the strategies of active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, positive reinterpretation and growth, and restraint,
- (b)
- Avoidant coping, comprising the following six strategies: behavioral disengagement, humor, substance use, acceptance, and denial.
- (c)
- Seeking social support and emotion-focused coping, comprising the following four strategies: use of instrumental social suport, use of emotional social suport, religious coping, and focus on and venting of emotions.
- (2)
- Cantril’s Ladder. A measure of psychological well-being—Ladder of Health Scale by H. Cantril (1965) [60]. It graphically represents numbers from 0 to 10. In the current study, the number 0 denoted the poorest possible health, while the numer 10 denoted the best possible health. The participants estimate their health in the current moment and make an X sign on a corresponding place on the ladder.
- (3)
- Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) by Wilmar Schaufeli and Arnold Bakker (2003), measuring general work engagement and its three consitutent parts [61]. Its three subscales are: vigor, dedication, and absorbtion. The current study utilized a 9-item version of this measure (with three items for each subscale). The questionnaire is comprised of items referring to the respondent’s job and their well-being as employees. Answers are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale, from 0 (never) to 6 (always-every day). The reliability and validity of the UWES was analyzed cross-culturally by the authors, and the measure has satisfactory psychometric properties.
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Work Engagement and Subjective Well-Being among POs
3.3. Comparison of the Model between the Countries
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Strengths, Limitations, and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Country | ||
---|---|---|---|
Poland | Indonesia | ||
N | 312 | 467 | |
Age | 34.35 ± 7.35 | 34.60 ± 9.91 | |
Female | 35 (11.4) | 103 (21.1) | |
Education | Secondary education | 159 (50.8) | 199 (42.6) |
Bachelor’s degree | 63 (20.1) | 231 (49.5) | |
Master’s degree | 91 (29.1) | 37 (7.9) | |
Type of penitentiary unit | Open | 3 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Semi-open | 61 (19.7) | 69 (14.8) | |
Closed | 245 (79.3) | 398 (85.2) | |
Multi-shift system | 222 (71.4) | 212 (45.5) | |
Occupational inheritance | 84 (26.9) | 198 (42.4) |
Variables | Country | M | SD | T | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective well-being | Poland | 6.96 | 2.05 | −10.58 | 0.000 |
Indonesia | 8.57 | 1.35 | |||
Vigor | Poland | 2.81 | 1.46 | −11.18 | 0.000 |
Indonesia | 3.64 | 0.55 | |||
Dedication | Poland | 3.10 | 1.45 | −12.67 | 0.000 |
Indonesia | 4.02 | 0.51 | |||
Absorption | Poland | 2.69 | 1.40 | −8.97 | 0.000 |
Indonesia | 3.33 | 0.57 | |||
Work engagement | Poland | 2.87 | 1.29 | −12.39 | 0.000 |
Indonesia | 3.66 | 0.42 |
Variables | 95% CI for B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | B | SE | LL | UL | |
Penitentiary unit type | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.075 | 0.405 |
Multi-shift work | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −0.025 | 0.175 |
Age | −0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.010 | 0.001 |
Occupational inheritance | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.177 | 0.028 |
Active coping | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.032 | 0.097 |
Avoidant coping | −0.10 | −0.11 | 0.02 | −0.157 | −0.068 |
Social support seeking and emotion-focused coping | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.029 | 0.113 |
X | Y | Poland | Indonesia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | P | B | Β | p | Z-score | ||
Penitentiary unit type | Subjective well-being | 1.06 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.941 | −3.30 *** |
Multi-shift work | Subjective well-being | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.593 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.545 | −0.20 |
Age | Subjective well-being | −0.03 | −0.09 | 0.079 | <0.01 | −0.02 | 0.658 | 1.45 |
Occupational inheritance | Subjective well-being | −0.27 | −0.06 | 0.262 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.483 | 1.32 |
Active coping | Subjective well-being | 0.20 | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.29 | <0.001 | −0.67 |
Avoidant coping | Subjective well-being | −0.21 | −0.29 | <0.001 | −0.15 | −0.23 | <0.001 | 1.06 |
Social support seeking and emotion-focused coping | Subjective well-being | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.067 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.261 | −2.15 ** |
Subjective well-being | Work engagement | 0.70 | 0.37 | <0.001 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.208 | −6.67 *** |
Penitentiary unit type | Work engagement | −0.51 | −0.05 | 0.307 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.942 | 1.02 |
Multi-shift work | Work engagement | 1.41 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.416 | −3.13 *** |
Age | Work engagement | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.458 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.331 | 0.86 |
Occupational inheritance | Work engagement | −0.06 | −0.01 | 0.896 | −0.07 | −0.03 | 0.279 | −0.04 |
Active coping | Work engagement | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.23 | <0.001 | −2.14 ** |
Avoidant coping | Work engagement | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.698 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.002 | 1.10 |
Social support seeking and emotion-focused coping | Work engagement | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.049 | 0.41 | 0.58 | <0.001 | 0.86 |
Variables | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | B | SE | LL | UL | |
Polish POs | |||||
Penitentiary unit type | 0.08 | 0.75 | 0.24 | 0.361 | 1.320 |
Multi-shift work | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.17 | −0.229 | 0.440 |
Age | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.042 | 0.001 |
Occupational inheritance | −0.02 | −0.19 | 0.18 | −0.566 | 0.150 |
Active coping | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.057 | 0.249 |
Avoidant coping | −0.10 | −0.15 | 0.04 | −0.228 | −0.082 |
Seeking social support and emotion-focused coping | 0.042 | 0.10 | 0.06 | −0.018 | 0.235 |
Indonesian POs | |||||
Penitentiary unit type | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | −0.019 | 0.013 |
Multi-shift work | <−0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | −0.021 | 0.004 |
Age | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Occupational inheritance | <−0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | −0.022 | 0.004 |
Active coping | −0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.014 | 0.002 |
Avoidant coping | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | −0.002 | 0.015 |
Seeking social support and emotion-focused coping | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | −0.001 | 0.010 |
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Piotrowski, A.; Sygit-Kowalkowska, E.; Hamzah, I. Work Engagement among Prison Officers. The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors in the Polish and Indonesian Penitentiary Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218206
Piotrowski A, Sygit-Kowalkowska E, Hamzah I. Work Engagement among Prison Officers. The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors in the Polish and Indonesian Penitentiary Systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218206
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotrowski, Andrzej, Ewa Sygit-Kowalkowska, and Imaduddin Hamzah. 2020. "Work Engagement among Prison Officers. The Role of Individual and Organizational Factors in the Polish and Indonesian Penitentiary Systems" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218206