Women’s Empowerment as a Mitigating Factor for Improved Antenatal Care Quality despite Impact of 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. ANC and Women’s Empowerment
1.2. Republic of Guinea
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
Outcome Variable
2.2. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Women’s Empowerment and Receipt of ANC Care
4.1.1. Decision-Making
4.1.2. Polygamous Marriages
4.1.3. Use of Contraception
4.1.4. Literacy and Access to Media
4.1.5. Socio-Economic Status and Employment
4.2. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | 2012 | 2018 | Test for Differences | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N(%) or M(SD) | N(%) or M(SD) | Χ2 or t | N(%) or M(SD) | ||
Number of ANC components received | 3.98 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.3) | t = 18.3 *** | 4.3 (1.5) | |
Received all ANC components | 224 (19.6) | 509 (32.0) | Χ2 = 96.4 *** | 733(24.9) | |
Attended 4+ ANC visits | 865 (63.4) | 616 (40.0) | Χ2 = 159.7 *** | 1481(51) | |
ANC visit in 1st trimester | 616 (45.1) | 488 (31.0) | Χ2 = 62.7 *** | 1104 (37.5) | |
ANC with healthcare provider | 927 (67.8%) | 1219 (76.7%) | Χ2 = 28.9 *** | 2146 (72.6%) | |
ANC location | Χ2 = 329.3 *** | ||||
Home | 13 (0.01) | 0 (0) | 13 (0.4) | ||
Non-health facility | 65 (4.8) | 537 (33.8) | 602 (20.4) | ||
Healthcare facility | 1289 (94.3) | 1053 (66.2) | 2342 (79.2) | ||
Contraception | Χ2 = 157.9 *** | ||||
None | 1293 (94.5) | 1412 (88.8) | 2705 (91.5) | ||
Traditional | 64 (4.6) | 13 (0.01) | 77 (2.6) | ||
Modern | 11 (0.01) | 165(10.4) | 176 (5.9) | ||
Magazine 1+ per week | 30 (2.2) | 45 (2.8) | Χ2 = 1.2 | 75 (2.5) | |
Radio 1+ per week | 501 (36.6) | 518 (32.6) | Χ2 = 5.0 * | 1019 (34.5) | |
Television 1+ per week | 234 (17.1) | 297 (18.6) | Χ2 = 3.7 | 665(22.5) | |
Can read parts of/complete sentences | 234 (17.1%) | 297 (18.7%) | Χ2 = 1.3 | 531 (18.0%) | |
Paid employment | Χ2 = 82.3 *** | ||||
No work | 310 (22.7) | 469 (29.5) | 779 (26.3) | ||
No pay | 309 (22.6) | 495 (31.1) | 804 (27.2) | ||
In-kind pay only | 89 (0.07) | 40 (2.5) | 129 (4.4) | ||
Cash payment | 660 (48.5) | 586 (42.1) | 1246 (42.1) | ||
Husband has other wives | 517 (41.2) | 578 (38.4) | Χ2 = 2.3 | 1095 (39.6) | |
Decision maker for healthcare | Χ2 = 16.8 *** | ||||
Husband only | 878 (70.5) | 943 (63.0) | 1821 (66.4) | ||
Woman has a say in decision | 943 (29.5) | 553 (37.0) | 921 (33.6) | ||
Average number of decisions | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.87(1.7) | t = 18.9 *** | 1.4 (1.5) | |
Average number of endorsed IPV scenarios | 3.8 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.9) | t = 17.2 *** | 3.2 (1.8) | |
Age | 27.1(7.1) | 27.3(6.9) | t = 0.8 | 27.2 (7.0) | |
Urban residence | 449 (32.8) | 478 (30.1) | Χ2 = 2.6 | 927 (31.3) | |
Highest level of education | Χ2 =2.8 | ||||
None | 986 (72.1) | 1159 (72.9) | 2415 (72.5) | ||
Primary | 204 (14.9) | 212 (13.3) | 416(14.1) | ||
Secondary | 178 (13.0) | 219 (13.8) | 397 (13.4) | ||
Wealth quintile | Χ2 = 6.3 | ||||
Poorest | 276 (20.2) | 364 (22.9) | 640 (21.6) | ||
Poor | 266 (19.4) | 328 (20.6) | 594 (20.1) | ||
Middle | 297 (20.4) | 327 (20.6) | 606 (20.5) | ||
Richer | 323(23.6) | 342 (21.5) | 665 (22.5) | ||
Richest | 224 (16.4) | 229 (14.4) | 453 (15.3) | ||
Total | 1368 | 1590 | 2958 |
Variable | aOR | Std. Error | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time | ||||
2012 | ||||
2018 | 3.90 *** | 0.35 | 3.27 | 4.64 |
Timing of first ANC visit | ||||
After first trimester a | ||||
During first trimester | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.98 | 1.34 |
Number of ANC visits | ||||
<4 a | ||||
≥4 | 1.76 *** | 0.14 | 1.50 | 2.06 |
Region | ||||
Urban a | ||||
Rural | 0.47 *** | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.60 |
Decision on healthcare | ||||
Husband only a | ||||
Woman involved | 1.20 * | 0.09 | 1.03 | 1.40 |
Wealth | ||||
Poorest a | ||||
Poor | 1.21 | 0.13 | 0.97 | 1.50 |
Middle | 1.66 *** | 0.22 | 1.28 | 2.16 |
Rich | 1.95 *** | 0.37 | 1.35 | 2.83 |
Richest | 1.20 ** | 0.09 | 1.03 | 1.40 |
Contraception | ||||
Modern methods a | ||||
Traditional methods | 0.35 *** | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.49 |
No contraceptives | 0.58 * | 0.17 | 0.33 | 1.01 |
IPV | 0.89 *** | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
Magazine access | ||||
<1 time per week a | ||||
≥1 time per week | 1.23 | 0.36 | 0.69 | 2.20 |
Radio access | ||||
<1 time per week a | ||||
≥1 time per week | 1.10 | 0.09 | 0.94 | 1.29 |
TV access | ||||
<1 time per week a | ||||
≥1 time per week | 1.06 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 1.32 |
Works for pay | ||||
Cash payment a | ||||
In-kind payment | 0.91 | 0.09 | 0.76 | 1.10 |
Works without pay | 0.93 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 1.11 |
Does not work | 1.42 * | 0.26 | 1.00 | 2.02 |
Education | ||||
No education a | ||||
Primary education | 0.76 | 0.52 | 0.20 | 2.91 |
Secondary education | 1.06 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 2.29 |
Literacy | ||||
Cannot read a | ||||
Can read some | 1.32 | 0.25 | 0.91 | 1.91 |
Husband has other wives | ||||
No a | ||||
Yes | 0.86 * | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.99 |
Location of ANC | ||||
Non-health facility/home a | ||||
Healthcare facility | 1.08 | 0.10 | 0.90 | 1.30 |
ANC provider | ||||
Non-healthcare provider a | ||||
Healthcare provider | 1.56 *** | 0.14 | 1.31 | 1.85 |
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Share and Cite
Merrell, L.K.; Blackstone, S.R. Women’s Empowerment as a Mitigating Factor for Improved Antenatal Care Quality despite Impact of 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218172
Merrell LK, Blackstone SR. Women’s Empowerment as a Mitigating Factor for Improved Antenatal Care Quality despite Impact of 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218172
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerrell, Laura K., and Sarah R. Blackstone. 2020. "Women’s Empowerment as a Mitigating Factor for Improved Antenatal Care Quality despite Impact of 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218172
APA StyleMerrell, L. K., & Blackstone, S. R. (2020). Women’s Empowerment as a Mitigating Factor for Improved Antenatal Care Quality despite Impact of 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218172