Voluntary Smoke-Free Home Rules and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Poland: A National Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total N = 1011 | Smokers n = 226 | Non-Smokers n = 785 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted | Weighted | Weighted | |||||
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||
Gender | |||||||
Men | 484 | 47.9 (44.8–51.0) | 125 | 55.3 (48.8–61.7) | 359 | 45.7 (42.3–49.2) | 0.01 |
Women | 527 | 52.1 (49.1–55.2) | 101 | 44.7 (38.4–51.2) | 426 | 54.3 (50.8–57.7) | |
Age (years) | |||||||
15–19 | 63 | 6.2 (4.9–7.9) | 1 | 0.4 (0.01–2.5) | 62 | 7.9 (6.2–10.0) | <0.001 |
20–29 | 168 | 16.6 (14.5–19.0) | 28 | 12.4 (8.7–17.3) | 140 | 17.8 (15.3–20.7) | |
30–39 | 195 | 19.3 (17.0–21.8) | 54 | 23.9 (18.8–29.9) | 142 | 18.1 (15.6–20.9) | |
40–49 | 153 | 15.1 (13.1–17.5) | 43 | 19.0 (14.4–24.6) | 110 | 14.0 (11.8–16.6) | |
50–59 | 167 | 16.5 (14.4–18.9) | 46 | 20.4 (15.6–26.1) | 121 | 15.4 (13.1–18.1) | |
60+ | 264 | 26.1 (23.5–28.9) | 54 | 23.9 (18.8–29.9) | 210 | 26.8 (23.8–30.0) | |
Marital status | |||||||
Ever married | 744 | 73.6 (70.8–76.2) | 182 | 80.2 (74.5–84.8) | 562 | 71.7 (68.4–74.7) | 0.01 |
Never married | 267 | 26.4 (23.8–29.2) | 45 | 19.8 (15.2–25.5) | 222 | 28.3 (25.3–31.6) | |
Occupational status | |||||||
Active | 627 | 62.0 (59.0–65.0) | 144 | 63.7 (57.3–68.7) | 483 | 61.5 (58.1–64.9) | 0.6 |
Passive | 384 | 38.0 (35.0–41.0) | 82 | 36.3 (30.3–42.7) | 302 | 38.5 (35.1–41.9) | |
Education level | |||||||
Less than secondary | 453 | 44.8 (41.8–47.9) | 125 | 55.3 (48.8–61.7) | 328 | 41.8 (38.4–45.3) | <0.001 |
Secondary or above | 558 | 55.2 (52.1–58.2) | 101 | 44.7 (38.4–51.2) | 457 | 58.2 (54.7–61.6) | |
Income class | |||||||
High | 232 | 23.0 (20.5–25.6) | 41 | 18.1 (13.7–23.7) | 192 | 24.5 (21.6–27.6) | 0.1 |
Medium | 497 | 49.2 (46.1–52.2) | 116 | 51.3 (44.8–57.8) | 380 | 48.4 (44.9–51.9) | |
Low | 282 | 27.9 (25.2–30.7) | 69 | 30.5 (24.9–36.8) | 213 | 27.1 (24.1–30.4) | |
Number of household members | |||||||
1 | 231 | 22.9 (20.4–25.5) | 51 | 22.5 (17.5–28.3) | 180 | 23.0 (20.2–26.0) | 0.9 |
2 or more | 780 | 77.1 (74.5–79.6) | 176 | 77.5 (71.7–82.5) | 604 | 77.0 (74.0–79.9) | |
Children in home | |||||||
Yes | 232 | 23.0 (20.5–25.6) | 65 | 28.8 (23.3–35.0) | 167 | 21.3 (18.6–24.3) | 0.02 |
No | 779 | 77.0 (74.4–79.5) | 161 | 71.2 (65.0–76.8) | 618 | 78.7 (75.7–81.5) | |
Place of residence | |||||||
Rural | 394 | 39.0 (36.0–42.0) | 76 | 33.5 (27.7–39.9) | 318 | 40.5 (37.1–44.0) | 0.06 |
Urban | 617 | 61.0 (58.0–64.0) | 151 | 66.5 (60.2–72.3) | 467 | 59.5 (56.0–62.9) |
Type of Smoke-Free Rules | Smoke-Free Home Rules | p | Exposure to SHS at Home (Answered Yes) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smokers (n = 226) | Non-Smokers (n = 785) | Smokers (n = 226) | Non-Smokers (n = 785) | |||
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||
Full rule | 18.6 (14.1–24.2) | 79.8 (76.8–82.4) | <0.001 | 2.4 (0.4–12.3) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | <0.001 |
Partial rule | 46.5 (40.1–53.0) | 18.5 (15.9–21.3) | 8.6 (4.6–15.5) | 11.7 (7.5–18.0) | ||
No rules | 35.0 (29.0–41.4) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 20.3 (12.9–30.4) | 57.1 (32.6–78.6) |
Variable | Yes | Simple Regression | Multiple Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
n (%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||
Smoking status | |||||
Smoker | 42 (18.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Non-smoker | 626 (79.8) | 17.20 (11.79–25.07) ** | 18.81 (12.74–27.78) ** | 18.70 (12.62–27.72) ** | 19.17 (12.89–28.50) ** |
Gender | |||||
Women | 355 (67.4) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Men | 313 (64.7) | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 1.11 (0.81–1.51) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) |
Age (years) | |||||
15–19 | 44 (69.8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
20–29 | 115 (68.5) | 0.91 (0.49–1.71) | 1.49 (0.77–2.90) | 1.46 (0.73–2.93) | 1.43 (0.71–2.88) |
30–39 | 120 (61.2) | 0.67 (0.36–1.24) | 1.46 (0.76–2.81) | 1.43 (0.72–2.83) | 1.27 (0.62–2.57) |
40–49 | 103 (67.3) | 0.88 (0.47–1.67) | 2.26 (1.12–4.56) * | 2.21 (1.07–4.57) * | 2.08 (0.99–4.32) |
50–59 | 109 (64.9) | 0.79 (0.42–1.47) | 1.88 (0.95–3.72) | 1.85 (0.92–3.72) | 1.91 (0.94–3.88) |
60+ | 177 (67.1) | 0.87 (0.48–1.58) | 1.62 (0.86–3.04) | 1.60 (0.85–3.03) | 1.63 (0.84–3.16) |
Education level | |||||
Less than secondary | 282 (62.3) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Secondary or above | 386 (69.2) | 1.37 (1.05–1.78) * | 1.04 (0.74–1.45) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | |
Number of household members | |||||
1 | 155 (67.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
2 or more | 514 (65.9) | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | ||
Children in home | |||||
No | 518 (66.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 150 (64.7) | 0.93 (0.69–1.27) | 1.36 (0.87–2.12) |
Variable | Yes | Simple Regression | Multiple Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
n (%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||
Smoking status | |||||
Smoker | 26 (11.5) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Non-smoker | 36 (4.6) | 0.37 (0.22–0.63) ** | 0.35 (0.20–0.60) ** | 0.36 (0.21–0.63) ** | 0.35 (0.20–0.61) ** |
Gender | |||||
Women | 31 (5.9) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Men | 30 (6.2) | 1.07 (0.64–1.79) | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | 0.94 (0.56–1.59) | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) |
Age (years) | |||||
15–29 | 16 (6.9) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
30–49 | 20 (5.8) | 0.82 (0.43–1.56) | 0.70 (0.36–1.36) | 0.65 (0.34–1.27) | 0.64 (0.32–1.30) |
50+ | 25 (5.8) | 0.82 (0.42–1.60) | 0.67 (0.33–1.33) | 0.68 (0.34–1.37) | 0.76 (0.37–1.56) |
Education level | |||||
Less than secondary | 35 (7.7) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Secondary or above | 27 (4.8) | 0.62 (0.37–1.04) | 0.66 (0.39–1.14) | 0.66 (0.39–1.13) | |
Number of household members | |||||
1 | 12 (5.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
2 or more | 50 (6.4) | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) | 1.33 (0.67–2.67) | ||
Children in home | |||||
No | 50 (6.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 12 (5.2) | 0.80 (0.42–1.53) | 0.64 (0.30–1.35) |
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Jankowski, M.; Pinkas, J.; Zgliczyński, W.S.; Kaleta, D.; Wierzba, W.; Gujski, M.; Rees, V.W. Voluntary Smoke-Free Home Rules and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Poland: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207502
Jankowski M, Pinkas J, Zgliczyński WS, Kaleta D, Wierzba W, Gujski M, Rees VW. Voluntary Smoke-Free Home Rules and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Poland: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207502
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankowski, Mateusz, Jarosław Pinkas, Wojciech S. Zgliczyński, Dorota Kaleta, Waldemar Wierzba, Mariusz Gujski, and Vaughan W. Rees. 2020. "Voluntary Smoke-Free Home Rules and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Poland: A National Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207502
APA StyleJankowski, M., Pinkas, J., Zgliczyński, W. S., Kaleta, D., Wierzba, W., Gujski, M., & Rees, V. W. (2020). Voluntary Smoke-Free Home Rules and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Poland: A National Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207502