COVID-19 Pandemic: Knowledge and Attitudes in Public Markets in the Former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kolwezi | Lwambo | Likasi | Lubumbashi | p | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dates of surveys | 16–17 April | 18 April | 19–20 April | 24–29 April | ||
Number of markets, n | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 10 | |
Number of respondents, n (% of total) | 114 (32.9) | 64 (18.4) | 80 (23.1) | 89 (25.6) | 347 (100) | |
Female, n (%) | 95 (83.3) | 46 (71.9) | 75 (93.8) | 72 (80.9) | <0.01 | 288 (83.0) |
Male, n (%) | 19 (16.7) | 18 (28.1) | 5 (6.2) | 17 (19.1) | 59 (17.0) | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 40.7 (11.6) | 38.1 (12.4) | 36.2 (9.6) | 36.8 (10.6) | 0.168 | 37.4 (10.7) |
Sellers, n (%) | 102 (89.5) | 41 (64.1) | 67 (83.8) | 78 (87.6) | <0.0001 | 288 (83.0) |
Buyers, n (%) | 12 (10.5) | 23 (35.9) | 13 (16.2) | 11 (12.4) | 59 (17.0) | |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||||
Moderate income | 56 (49.1) | 48 (75.0) | 38 (47.5) | 35 (39.3) | 177 (51.0) | |
Low income | 25 (21.9) | 8 (12.5) | 30 (37.5) | 23 (25.9) | <0.0001 | 86 (24.8) |
Very low income | 33 (29.0) | 8 (12.5) | 12 (15.0) | 31 (34.8) | 84 (24.2) | |
Information sources, n (%) | ||||||
Audiovisual media | 83 (72.8) | 51 (79.7) | 57 (21.7) | 72 (80.9) | 263 (75.8) | |
Medical staff | 7 (6.1) | 0 (00.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0 (00.0) | 0.077 | 13 (3.7) |
People | 24 (21.1) | 13 (20.3) | 17 (23.9) | 17 (19.1) | 71 (20.5) |
Kolwezi | Lwambo | Likasi | Lubumbashi | p (χ2) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge (K) | ||||||
K1. COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by the SARS-COV-2, the main clinical symptoms being fever, fatigue, dry cough, and myalgia. | ||||||
Yes | 16 (14.0) | 21 (32.8) | 51 (63.7) | 27 (30.3) | <0.001 | 115 (33.1) |
No | 98 (86.0) | 43 (67.2) | 29 (36.2) | 62 (69.7) | 232 (66.9) | |
K2. Do you think this disease exists in the DRC? | ||||||
Yes | 53 (46.5) | 23 (35.9) | 32 (40.0) | 30 (33.7) | 0.271 | 138 (39.8) |
No | 61 (53.5) | 41 (64.1) | 48 (60.0) | 59 (66.3) | 209 (60.2) | |
K3. Do you know the modes of transmission of COVID-19? | ||||||
Yes | 69 (60.5) | 24 (37.5) | 46 (57.5) | 40 (44.9) | <0.05 | 179 (51.6) |
No | 45 (39.5) | 40 (62.5) | 34 (42.5) | 49 (55.1) | 168 (48.4) | |
K4. Can someone with COVID-2019 who does not have a fever contaminate his or her contacts? | ||||||
Yes | 72 (63.2) | 15 (23.4) | 32 (40.0) | 34 (38.2) | 0.161 | 123 (35.4) |
No | 42 (36.8) | 49 (76.6) | 48 (60.0) | 55 (61.8) | 224 (64.6) | |
K5. Do you know the preventive measures against COVID-1? | ||||||
Yes | 88 (77.2) | 21 (32.8) | 36 (45.0) | 72 (80.9) | <0.001 | 217 (62.5) |
No | 26 (22.8) | 43 (67.2) | 44 (55.0) | 17 (19.1) | 130 (37.5) | |
K6. In your opinion, COVID-19 comes from: | ||||||
China | 86 (75.4) | 24 (37.5) | 46 (57.5) | 67 (75.3) | <0.001 | 223 (64.3) |
Others | 28 (24.6) | 40 (62.5) | 34 (42.5) | 22 (24.7) | 124 (35.7) | |
K7. In your opinion, COVID-19 affects: | ||||||
Everyone | 67 (58.8) | 44 (68.8) | 76 (95.0) | 75 (84.3) | <0.001 | 262 (75.5) |
Especially white people | 44 (38.6) | 15 (23.4) | 4 (5.0) | 1 (1.1) | 64 (18.4) | |
Others | 3 (2.6) | 5 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (14.6) | 21 (6.1) | |
K8. According to you, compared to malaria, COVID-19 is: | ||||||
Less severe | 25 (21.9) | 3 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.5) | <0.001 | 32 (9.2) |
As severe | 29 (25.4) | 37 (57.8) | 80 (100) | 60 (67.4) | 206 (59.4) | |
More severe | 60 (52.6) | 24 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (28.1) | 109 (31.4) | |
K9. In your opinion, compared to EBOLA, COVID-19 is: | ||||||
Less severe | 29 (25.4) | 10 (15.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.2) | 41 (11.8) | |
As severe | 33 (28.9) | 40 (62.5) | 80 (100) | 60 (67.4) | <0.001 | 213 (61.4) |
More severe | 41 (36.0) | 14 (21.9) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (27.0) | 79 (22.8) | |
I don’t know | 11 (9.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) | 14 (4.0) | |
K10. In your opinion, is COVID-19 already in Lubumbashi? * | ||||||
Yes | 18 (28.1) | 18 (28.1) | ||||
No | 46 (71.9) | 46 (71.9) | ||||
Attitude (A) | ||||||
A1. Can you visit someone who has COVID-19? | ||||||
Yes | 21 (18.4) | 8 (12.5) | 12 (15.0) | 3 (3.4) | <0.05 | 44 (12.7) |
No | 93 (81.6) | 56 (87.5) | 68 (85.0) | 86 (96.6) | 303 (87.3) | |
A2. If it is someone in your family (child, spouse...) who suffers from COVID-19, can you visit him/her? | ||||||
Yes | 48 (42.5) | 29 (45.3) | 21 (26.2) | 9 (10.1) | <0.001 | 107 (30.9) |
No | 65 (57.5) | 35 (54.7) | 59 (73.8) | 80 (89.9) | 239 (69.1) | |
A3. The people most affected by COVID-19 are adults. Do you think there is a need to take action to prevent COVID-19 infection for children and young adults? | ||||||
Yes, it is necessary for them | 86 (75.4) | 54 (84.4) | 80 (100.0) | 71 (79.8) | <0.001 | 291 (83.9) |
No, it is not necessary for them | 28 (24.6) | 10 (15.6) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (20.2) | 56 (16.1) | |
A4. Do you agree that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled and defeated in the DRC? | ||||||
Yes | 9 (7.9) | 6 (9.4) | 15 (18.8) | 12 (13.5) | 0.120 | 42 (12.1) |
No | 105 (92.1) | 58 (90.6) | 65 (81.2) | 77 (86.5) | 305 (87.9) | |
A5. How do you find the origin of COVID-19? | ||||||
Normal | 10 (8.8) | 27 (42.2) | 6 (7.5) | 15 (16.9) | <0.001 | 58 (16.7) |
Demonic | 66 (57.9) | 8 (12.5) | 28 (35.0) | 39 (43.8) | 141 (40.6) | |
Made | 22 (19.3) | 15 (23.4) | 7 (8.8) | 14 (15.7) | 58 (16.7) | |
I don’t know | 16 (14.0) | 14 (21.9) | 39 (48.8) | 21 (23.6) | 90 (25.9) | |
A6. During this COVID-19 crisis period, do you eat as before? | ||||||
Yes | 7 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.005 | 7 (2.0) |
No | 107 (93.9) | 64 (100.0) | 80 (100.0) | 89 (100.0) | 340 (98.0) | |
A7. What type of transport do you use to get to the market? | ||||||
Private transportation | 6 (5.3) | 5 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 | 11 (3.2) |
Public transportation | 108 (94.7) | 59 (92.2) | 80 (100.0) | 89 (100.0) | 336 (96.8) | |
A8. How often do you go to the market for supplies or for selling per week? | ||||||
1–4 days | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.4) | 0.133 | 4 (1.2) |
5–7 days | 113 (99.1) | 64 (100) | 80 (100) | 86 (96.6) | 343 (98.8) | |
A9. If someone around you has symptoms of COVID-19, what would you do? | ||||||
I don’t know | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.2) | 11 (13.8) | 13 (14.6) | <0.001 | 28 (8.1) |
We will take him to the hospital | 33 (28.9) | 5 (7.8) | 4 (5.0) | 12 (13.5) | 54 (15.6) | |
We will call the COVID-19 attack team | 81 (71.1) | 55 (85.9) | 65 (81.2) | 64 (71.9) | 265 (76.4) | |
A10. If you think you have COVID-19, what would you do? | ||||||
I don’t know | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (12.5) | 13 (14.6) | <0.001 | 27 (7.8) |
I’ll go to the hospital | 41 (36.0) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (12.5) | 11 (12.4) | 66 (19.0) | |
I will call the COVID-19 attack team | 73 (64.0) | 56 (87.5) | 60 (75.0) | 65 (73.0) | 254 (73.2) |
Number of Hand-Washing Devices on Market (0 to 4) | Socioeconomic Status (Moderate, Low, Very Low) | Information Sources (Medical Staff, Audiovisual Media, Other People) | Gender (Male, Female) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X2, df, p (Cramer’s V) | X2, df, p (Cramer’s V) | X2, df, p (Cramer’s V) | X2, df, p (Cramer’s V) | |
K1. COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by the COVID-19, the main clinical symptoms being fever, fatigue, dry cough, and myalgia. | 57.6, 4, <0.01 | 0.7, 2, 0.69 | 11.1, 2, <0.01 | 0.2, 1, 0.66 |
(0.41) *** | (0.05) | (0.18) * | (0.02) | |
K2. Do you think this disease exists in the DRC? | 17.0, 4, <0.01 | 3.4, 2, 0.18 | 10.3, 2, <0.01 | 1.8, 1, 0.19 |
(0.22) ** | (0.10) | (0.17) * | (0.07) | |
K3. Do you know the modes of transmission of COVID-19? | 61.1, 4, <0.01 | 0.3, 2, 0.88 | 20.3, 2, <0.01 | 1.7, 1, 0.19 |
(0.42) *** | (0.03) | (0.24) ** | (0.07) | |
K4. Can someone with COVID-2019 who does not have a fever contaminate his or her contacts? | 68.9, 4, <0.01 | 2.7, 2, 0.25 | 11.4, 2, <0.01 | 0.3, 1, 0.57 |
(0.45) *** | (0.90) | (0.18) * | (0.03) | |
K5. Do you know the preventive measures against COVID-19? | 63.5, 4, <0.01 | 1.2, 2, 0.55 | 12.6, 2, <0.01 | 0.84, 1, 0.36 |
(0.43) *** | (0.06) | (0.19) * | (0.05) | |
K6. In your opinion, COVID-19 comes from: | 18.3, 4, <0.01 | 1.1, 2, 0.57 | 6.8, 2, <0.05 | 7.3, 1, <0.01 |
(0.23) ** | (0.06) | (0.140) | (0.145) * | |
K7. In your opinion, COVID-19 affects: | 85.9, 8, <0.01 | 8.5, 4, 0.075 | 9.4, 4, 0.051 | 1.5, 2, 0.47 |
(0.35) *** | (0.11) | (0.17) | (0.07) | |
K8. According to you, compared to malaria, COVID-19 is: | 129.6, 8, <0.01 | 5.1, 4, 0.24 | 12.6, 4, <0.05 | 5.9, 2, 0.052 |
(0.43) *** | (0.09) | (0.135) * | (0.13) | |
K9.In your opinion, compared to EBOLA, COVID-19 is: | 114.1, 12, <0.01 | 16.2, 6, <0.05 | 17.2, 6, <0.01 | 5.6, 3, 0.14 |
(0.33) *** | (0.15) * | (0.16) * | (0.13) | |
A1. Can you visit someone who has COVID-19? | 11.9, 4, <0.05 | 4.6, 2, 0.10 | 9.1, 2, <0.05 | 1.1, 1, 0.29 |
(0.19) * | (0.16) | (0.16) * | (0.06) | |
A2. If it is someone in your family (child, spouse...) who suffers from COVID-19, can you visit him/her? | 11.0, 4, <0.05 | 11.2, 2, <0.01 | 11.1, 2, <0.01 | 0.3, 1, 0.59 |
(0.18) * | (0.18) * | (0.18) * | (0.03) | |
A3. The people most affected by COVID-19 are adults. Do you think there is a need to take action to prevent COVID-19 infection for children and young adults? | 29.4, 4, <0.01 | 5.3, 2, 0.070 | 2.6, 2, 0.27 | 27.4, 1, <0.01 |
(0.29) ** | (0.12) | (0.09) | (0.28) ** | |
A4. Do you agree that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled and defeated in the DRC? | 4.9, 4, 0.294 | 1.5, 2, 0.47 | 2.5, 2, 0.29 | 1.6, 1, 0.21 |
(0.119) | (0.07) | (0.09) | (0.07) | |
A5. How do you find the origin of COVID-19? | 73.4, 12, <0.01 | 6.9, 6, 0.33 | 36,3, 6, <0.01 | 4.7, 3, 0.20 |
(0.27) ** | (0.10) | (0.23) ** | (0.12) | |
A6. During this COVID-19 crisis period, do you eat as before? | 5.4, 4, 0.25 | 1.2, 2, 0.55 | 2.3, 2, 0.32 | 0.7, 1, 0.41 |
(0.13) | (0.06) | (0.08) | (0.04) | |
A7. What means of transport do you use to get to the market? | 8.7, 4, 0.07 | 2.4, 2, 0.31 | 0.5, 2, 0.78 | 3.017, 1, 0.08 |
(0.16) | (0.09) | (0.04) | (0.093) | |
A8. How often do you go to the market for supplies or for sale per week? | 3.1, 4, 0.544 | 0.00, 2, 1.00 | 1,3, 2, 0.52 | 3.1, 1, 0.08 |
(0.10) | (0.00) | (0.06) | (0.10) | |
A9. If someone around you has symptoms of COVID-19, what would you do? | 76.5, 8, <0.01 | 3.1, 4, 0.535 | 28.3, 2, <0.01 | 5.0, 2, 0.08 |
(0.33) *** | (0.07) | (0.20) ** | (0.12) | |
A10. If you think you have COVID-19, whom will you first go to for treatment? | 65.4, 8, <0.01 | 1.4, 4, 0.844 | 19.8, 4, <0.01 | 5.0, 2, 0.08 |
(0.31) *** | (0.05) | (0.17) * | (0.12) |
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Carsi Kuhangana, T.; Kamanda Mbayo, C.; Pyana Kitenge, J.; Kazadi Ngoy, A.; Muta Musambo, T.; Musa Obadia, P.; Katoto, P.D.M.C.; Banza Lubaba Nkulu, C.; Nemery, B. COVID-19 Pandemic: Knowledge and Attitudes in Public Markets in the Former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207441
Carsi Kuhangana T, Kamanda Mbayo C, Pyana Kitenge J, Kazadi Ngoy A, Muta Musambo T, Musa Obadia P, Katoto PDMC, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Nemery B. COVID-19 Pandemic: Knowledge and Attitudes in Public Markets in the Former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207441
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarsi Kuhangana, Trésor, Caleb Kamanda Mbayo, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Arlène Kazadi Ngoy, Taty Muta Musambo, Paul Musa Obadia, Patrick D.M.C. Katoto, Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu, and Benoit Nemery. 2020. "COVID-19 Pandemic: Knowledge and Attitudes in Public Markets in the Former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207441