Cross-Sectional Associations of Physical Fitness Performance Level and Sleep Duration among Older Adults: Results from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Sleep Duration Assessment
2.4. Physical Fitness Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
BMI | body mass index |
CI | confidence interval |
HC | hip circumference |
HHPFST | National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan |
OR | odds ratio |
SD | standard deviation |
SAS | statistical analysis system |
SA | successful aging |
SFT | serious fitness test |
WC | waist circumference |
WHR | waist-to-hip ratio |
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Variables | Sleep Duration (Hours) | p | Tukey’s Post Hoc Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short (≤5 h) | Normal (6 to 7 h) | Long (≥8 h) | |||
No. of subjects | 4035 | 12,393 | 7697 | ||
Age (y) | 73.48 ± 6.18 | 72.63 ± 6.03 | 74.04 ± 6.78 | <0.0001 a | L > S > N |
Gender (% of men) | 28.43% | 36.08% | 41.94% | <0.0001 b | |
Height (cm) | 155.44 ± 7.80 | 156.85 ± 8.04 | 157.15 ± 8.21 | <0.0001 a | L > N > S |
Body weight (kg) | 59.97 ± 10.34 | 61.25 ± 10.22 | 61.54 ± 10.52 | <0.0001 a | L, N > S |
Obese Status | 0.0246 | ||||
Underweight | 2.82% | 2.15% | 2.35% | ||
Normal weight | 41.17% | 39.75% | 40.00% | ||
Overweight | 30.91% | 33.57% | 32.77% | ||
Obese | 25.10% | 24.53% | 24.88% | ||
Education | <0.0001 b | ||||
Elementary school or lower | 65.00% | 52.94% | 57.73% | ||
Junior or senior school | 25.19% | 31.29% | 27.56% | ||
College or higher | 9.81% | 15.77% | 14.71% | ||
Monthly Income | <0.0001 b | ||||
≤20,000 NTD | 89.41% | 84.10% | 86.58% | ||
20,001–40,000 NTD | 6.78% | 8.91% | 7.88% | ||
≥40,001 NTD | 3.81% | 6.99% | 5.54% | ||
Marital Status | <0.0001 b | ||||
Never married | 48.70% | 53.59% | 53.74% | ||
Married | 26.42% | 27.35% | 26.60% | ||
Divorced/widowed/other | 24.89% | 19.06% | 19.66% | ||
Self-Reported Health Status | <0.0001 b | ||||
Excellent or very good | 16.58% | 20.92% | 24.27% | ||
Good | 38.12% | 46.39% | 43.37% | ||
Fair or poor | 45.30% | 32.69% | 32.36% | ||
Smoking Status | <0.0001 b | ||||
Never | 92.63% | 91.71% | 89.46% | ||
Current | 4.62% | 4.92% | 6.23% | ||
Former | 2.75% | 3.38% | 4.31% | ||
Chewing betel nuts | 0.2180 | ||||
Never | 96.97% | 97.46% | 97.09% | ||
Current | 1.62% | 1.23% | 1.34% | ||
Former | 1.42% | 1.30% | 1.57% | ||
Sleep duration (h) | 4.54 ± 0.82 | 6.51 ± 0.5 | 8.41 ± 0.79 | <0.0001 b | L > N > S |
Variables | Sleep Duration (Hours) | p | Tukey’s Post Hoc Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short (≤5 h) | Normal (6 to 7 h) | Long (≥8 h) | |||
Men | |||||
2 min step test | 84.97 ± 30.25 | 87.73 ± 29.24 | 82.41 ± 30.59 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
30 s arm curl | 17.80 ± 6.29 | 18.31 ± 6.44 | 17.35 ± 6.32 | <0.0001 a | N > S, L |
30 s chair stand | 15.24 ± 5.51 | 15.82 ± 5.42 | 14.54 ± 5.53 | < 0.0001 a | N > S > L |
Back scratch | −14.79 ± 13.70 | −13.25 ± 13.23 | −15.16 ± 13.83 | <0.0001 a | N > S, L |
Chair sit-and-reach test | −0.80 ± 11.20 | 0.19 ± 10.89 | −1.77 ± 10.99 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
8-foot up-and-go | 8.18 ± 3.20 | 7.71 ± 2.78 | 8.63 ± 3.54 | <0.0001 a | L > S > N |
One-leg stance with eye open | 13.01 ± 10.52 | 14.21 ± 10.57 | 11.84 ± 10.24 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.70 ± 3.34 | 24.83 ± 3.22 | 24.71 ± 3.16 | 0.215 | |
WHR | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.026 | L > N |
Women | |||||
2 min step test | 82.43 ± 30.44 | 84.43 ± 29.17 | 79.84 ± 31.43 | <0.0001a | N > S > L |
30 s arm curl | 17.19 ± 6.07 | 17.61 ± 6.21 | 16.83 ± 6.03 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
30 s chair stand | 14.33 ± 5.04 | 15.05 ± 5.08 | 14.03 ± 5.16 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
Back scratch | −7.63 ± 12.02 | −6.92 ± 11.53 | −8.63 ± 12.09 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
Chair sit-and-reach test | 3.90 ± 10.12 | 4.39 ± 9.83 | 2.87 ± 9.70 | <0.0001 a | N, S > L |
8-foot up-and-go | 8.43 ± 2.97 | 8.08 ± 2.87 | 8.82 ± 3.40 | <0.0001 a | L > S > N |
One-leg stance with eye open | 11.71 ± 9.81 | 12.67 ± 10.19 | 10.72 ± 9.75 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.74 ± 3.60 | 24.80 ± 3.52 | 24.88 ± 3.62 | 0.271 | |
WHR | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 a | L > N, S |
Total | |||||
2 min step test | 83.15 ± 30.40 | 85.62 ± 29.24 | 80.92 ± 31.10 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
30 s arm curl | 17.36 ± 6.14 | 17.86 ± 6.30 | 17.05 ± 6.16 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
30 s chair stand | 14.59 ± 5.19 | 15.32 ± 5.22 | 14.25 ± 5.32 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
Back scratch | −9.65 ± 12.93 | −9.20 ± 12.54 | −11.36 ± 13.25 | <0.0001 a | N, S > L |
Chair sit-and-reach test | 2.57 ± 10.65 | 2.87 ± 10.42 | 0.93 ± 10.51 | <0.0001 a | N, S > L |
8-foot up-and-go | 8.36 ± 3.04 | 7.95 ± 2.85 | 8.74 ± 3.46 | <0.0001 a | L > S > N |
One-leg stance with eye open | 12.08 ± 10.03 | 13.22 ± 10.36 | 11.19 ± 9.98 | <0.0001 a | N > S > L |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.73 ± 3.53 | 24.81 ± 3.42 | 24.81 ± 3.43 | 0.444 | |
WHR | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 a | L > N > S |
Physical Fitness Levels | Factors Not Adjusted | Factors Adjusted a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
2 min step test | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9868 | 0.8721–1.1165 | 0.8330 | 1.1422 | 0.9975–1.3078 | 0.0544 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9599 | 0.8548–1.0779 | 0.4890 | 1.0909 | 0.9606–1.2389 | 0.1800 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9587 | 0.8578–1.0716 | 0.4579 | 1.0302 | 0.9122–1.1635 | 0.6318 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
30 s arm curl | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9972 | 0.8868–1.1213 | 0.9625 | 0.9976 | 0.8756–1.1366 | 0.9713 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9895 | 0.8843–1.1072 | 0.8541 | 0.9651 | 0.8532–1.0917 | 0.5721 |
Quartile 2 | 1.0562 | 0.9508–1.1732 | 0.3083 | 1.0439 | 0.9307–1.1708 | 0.4630 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
30 s chair stand | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8730 | 0.7616–1.0006 | 0.0510 | 0.8948 | 0.7702–1.0396 | 0.1463 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9058 | 0.8049–1.0194 | 0.1006 | 0.9151 | 0.8045–1.0411 | 0.1776 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9972 | 0.892–1.1147 | 0.9604 | 1.0243 | 0.9070–1.1568 | 0.6983 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
Back scratch | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9901 | 0.8786–1.1158 | 0.8704 | 0.9415 | 0.8235–1.0765 | 0.3778 |
Quartile 3 | 1.1469 | 1.0241–1.2844 | 0.0177 b | 1.1084 | 0.9771–1.2573 | 0.1096 |
Quartile 2 | 1.0074 | 0.9031–1.1237 | 0.8952 | 0.9726 | 0.8622–1.0972 | 0.6516 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
Chair sit-and-reach test | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 1.0489 | 0.9359–1.1756 | 0.4116 | 0.9987 | 0.8804–1.1328 | 0.9834 |
Quartile 3 | 1.0994 | 0.9841–1.2281 | 0.0936 | 1.0578 | 0.9356–1.1958 | 0.3698 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9757 | 0.8766–1.0861 | 0.6528 | 0.9591 | 0.8523–1.0793 | 0.4885 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
8-foot up-and-go | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 1.4189 | 1.2367–1.6279 | <0.0001 b | 1.0457 | 0.8953–1.2213 | 0.5725 |
Quartile 3 | 1.1808 | 1.0484–1.3298 | 0.0061 b | 0.9281 | 0.8131–1.0595 | 0.2695 |
Quartile 2 | 1.1013 | 0.9859–1.2302 | 0.0876 | 0.9582 | 0.8477–1.0831 | 0.4950 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
One-leg stance with eye open | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8695 | 0.7698–0.9821 | 0.0244 b | 0.9824 | 0.8549–1.1288 | 0.8019 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9373 | 0.8375–1.0490 | 0.2594 | 1.0223 | 0.9024–1.1581 | 0.7290 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9587 | 0.8596–1.0691 | 0.4483 | 0.989 | 0.8777–1.1144 | 0.8555 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9045 | 0.8094–1.0107 | 0.0763 | 0.8660 | 0.7653–0.9800 | 0.0226 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.8334 | 0.7467–0.9303 | 0.0012 b | 0.8031 | 0.7119–0.9061 | 0.0004 b |
Quartile 2 | 0.9283 | 0.8360–1.0308 | 0.1639 | 0.9248 | 0.8253–1.0363 | 0.1784 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
WHR | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8758 | 0.7824–0.9803 | 0.0212 b | 0.9204 | 0.8100–1.0459 | 0.2033 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9058 | 0.8146–1.0071 | 0.0673 | 0.9187 | 0.8150–1.0356 | 0.1652 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9992 | 0.9006–1.1086 | 0.9881 | 1.0357 | 0.9247–1.1601 | 0.5441 |
Quartile 1 | 1.0000 | − | − | 1.0000 | − | − |
Physical Fitness Levels | Factors Not Adjusted | Factors Adjusted a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
2 min step test | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9627 | 0.8712–1.0637 | 0.4550 | 0.9913 | 0.8903–1.1037 | 0.8733 |
Quartile 3 | 0.9387 | 0.8551–1.0306 | 0.1844 | 0.9737 | 0.8803–1.0769 | 0.6038 |
Quartile 2 | 1.0141 | 0.9281–1.1080 | 0.7573 | 1.0161 | 0.9237–1.1178 | 0.7425 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
30 s arm curl | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.9517 | 0.8646–1.0477 | 0.3127 | 0.9597 | 0.8645–1.0655 | 0.4409 |
Quartile 3 | 1.0265 | 0.9379–1.1233 | 0.5705 | 1.0389 | 0.9429–1.1447 | 0.4401 |
Quartile 2 | 1.0553 | 0.9697–1.1483 | 0.2123 | 1.0900 | 0.9954–1.1935 | 0.0628 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
30 s chair stand | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8692 | 0.7786–0.9704 | 0.0126 b | 0.8367 | 0.7434–0.9417 | 0.0031 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.8733 | 0.7941–0.9604 | 0.0052 b | 0.8406 | 0.7593–0.9306 | 0.0008 b |
Quartile 2 | 0.8929 | 0.8161–0.9768 | 0.0134 b | 0.8722 | 0.7921–0.9604 | 0.0054 b |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
Back scratch | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8357 | 0.7600–0.9189 | 0.0002 b | 0.8695 | 0.7831–0.9656 | 0.0089 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.927 | 0.8469–1.0146 | 0.0998 | 0.9381 | 0.8494–1.0360 | 0.2070 |
Quartile 2 | 0.9548 | 0.8778–1.0386 | 0.2812 | 0.9425 | 0.8603–1.0327 | 0.2042 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
Chair sit-and-reach test | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.7609 | 0.6948–0.8333 | <0.0001 b | 0.8069 | 0.7310–0.8907 | <0.0001 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.8190 | 0.7502–0.8941 | <0.0001 b | 0.8613 | 0.7828–0.9477 | 0.0022 b |
Quartile 2 | 0.8325 | 0.7668–0.9038 | <0.0001 b | 0.859 | 0.7855–0.9395 | 0.0009 b |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
8-foot up-and-go | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 1.2922 | 1.1568–1.4435 | <0.0001 b | 1.2708 | 1.1232–1.4378 | 0.0001 b |
Quartile 3 | 1.0587 | 0.9618–1.1654 | 0.2443 | 1.0246 | 0.9218–1.1388 | 0.6529 |
Quartile 2 | 1.0514 | 0.9614–1.1498 | 0.2724 | 1.0126 | 0.9181–1.1169 | 0.8021 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
One-leg stance with eye open | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.7802 | 0.7074–0.8605 | <0.0001 b | 0.8012 | 0.7178–0.8943 | 0.0001 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.8145 | 0.7441–0.8916 | <0.0001 b | 0.8460 | 0.7662–0.9340 | 0.0009 b |
Quartile 2 | 0.8846 | 0.8111–0.9648 | 0.0056 b | 0.8744 | 0.7959–0.9605 | 0.0051 b |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 0.8196 | 0.7486–0.8974 | <0.0001 b | 0.8579 | 0.7768–0.9475 | 0.0025 b |
Quartile 3 | 0.9063 | 0.8300–0.9897 | 0.0285 b | 0.9058 | 0.8236–0.9963 | 0.0417 b |
Quartile 2 | 0.9284 | 0.8519–1.0118 | 0.0906 | 0.9161 | 0.8353–1.0047 | 0.0630 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
WHR | ||||||
Quartile 4 | 1.2257 | 1.1202–1.3412 | <0.0001 b | 1.1960 | 1.0812–1.3230 | 0.0005 b |
Quartile 3 | 1.2574 | 1.1545–1.3695 | <0.0001 b | 1.2254 | 1.1144–1.3475 | <0.0001 b |
Quartile 2 | 1.0683 | 0.9783–1.1665 | 0.1413 | 1.0503 | 0.9547–1.1553 | 0.3135 |
Quartile 1 | 1.000 | − | − | 1.000 | − | − |
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Lee, P.-F.; Ho, C.-C.; Yeh, D.-P.; Hung, C.-T.; Chang, Y.-C.; Liu, C.-C.; Tseng, C.-Y.; Hsieh, X.-Y. Cross-Sectional Associations of Physical Fitness Performance Level and Sleep Duration among Older Adults: Results from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020388
Lee P-F, Ho C-C, Yeh D-P, Hung C-T, Chang Y-C, Liu C-C, Tseng C-Y, Hsieh X-Y. Cross-Sectional Associations of Physical Fitness Performance Level and Sleep Duration among Older Adults: Results from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020388
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Po-Fu, Chien-Chang Ho, Ding-Peng Yeh, Chang-Tsen Hung, Yun-Chi Chang, Chia-Chen Liu, Ching-Yu Tseng, and Xin-Yu Hsieh. 2020. "Cross-Sectional Associations of Physical Fitness Performance Level and Sleep Duration among Older Adults: Results from the National Physical Fitness Survey in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020388