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Review

Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review

Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811
Received: 24 August 2020 / Revised: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 / Published: 18 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism. View Full-Text
Keywords: phthalate; endocrine disruptor; reproductive system; hormone; nuclear receptor phthalate; endocrine disruptor; reproductive system; hormone; nuclear receptor
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MDPI and ACS Style

Hlisníková, H.; Petrovičová, I.; Kolena, B.; Šidlovská, M.; Sirotkin, A. Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811

AMA Style

Hlisníková H, Petrovičová I, Kolena B, Šidlovská M, Sirotkin A. Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hlisníková, Henrieta, Ida Petrovičová, Branislav Kolena, Miroslava Šidlovská, and Alexander Sirotkin. 2020. "Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates’ Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811

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