Impact of Social Support and Social Trust on Public Viral Risk Response: A COVID-19 Survey Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Social Support and Response Efficacy
2.2. Response Efficacy and Activities
2.3. Social Trust
3. Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Social Support
3.2.2. Risk Response Efficacy
3.2.3. Risk Response Activities
3.2.4. Social Trust
3.3. Analysis
3.4. Model
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Model
4.2. Structural Model 1
4.3. Structural Model 2
5. Discussion
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Cho, K.Y.; Yoo, J.S. Estimation of financial loss from the MERS epidemic. KERI Insight 2015, 15, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
- Central Disaster Management Headquarters; Central Disease Control Headquarters. Knowing the Coronavirus Infection. Available online: http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/ (accessed on 12 May 2020).
- Jones, S.; Anderson, C. 2020. Global Report: South Korea Has Covid-19 Second Wave as Israel Ponders New Lockdown. The Guardian. 22 June 2020. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/22/coronavirus-global-report-new-covid-19-cases-surge-south-korea-israel (accessed on 24 June 2020).
- Gutierrez, J.; Blinder, A.; Sang-Hun, C.; Onishi, N.; Méheut, C.; Zaveri, M.; Joseph, Y.; Kingsley, P.; Austen, I.; Beech, H.; et al. Coronavirus Spread Speeds up, Even as Nations Reopen. The New York Times. 28 May 2020. Available online: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/world/coronavirus-live.html?partner=naver (accessed on 24 June 2020).
- Kwon, S.H. “Let’s Overcome the Coronavirus Crisis Together”: Nationwide Encouraging Campaign “Challenge Again”. Yonhap News. 21 June 2020. Available online: https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200620050000530?input=1195m (accessed on 24 June 2020).
- Bei, B.; Bryant, C.; Gilson, K.; Koh, J.; Gibson, P.; Komiti, A.; Jackson, H.; Judd, F. A prospective study of the impact of floods on the mental and physical health of older adults. Aging Ment. Health 2013, 17, 992–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horowitz, M. Stress-response syndromes: A review of post-traumatic stress and adjustment disorders. In International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes; Wilson, J.P., Raphael, Y.B., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 189–200. [Google Scholar]
- Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control; Freeman: New York, NY, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, D.; Li, S.; Yang, N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Med. Sci. Monit. 2020, 26, e923549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Earle, T.C.; Cvetkovich, G. Social trust and culture in risk management. In Social Trust and the Management of Risk; Cvetkovich, G., Lofstedt, R., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 1999; pp. 9–21. [Google Scholar]
- Sønderskov, K.M.; Dinesen, P.T. Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust. Polit Behav. 2016, 38, 179–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, E. A study on risk perception, risk information acceptance, safety attitude, and safety actions of consumers according to the types of exposure to risk communication-based on the application of the consumers’ risk information acceptance models. Consum. Policy Educ. Rev. 2019, 15, 49–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoo, H.J.; Song, E. The effect of information reliability on safety behavior among Korean, Chinese and American university student: Focused on food consumption. Korean Rev. Crisis Emerg. Manag. 2013, 9, 101–120. [Google Scholar]
- Adger, N.W.; Hughes, T.P.; Folke, C.; Carpenter, S.R.; Rockstrom, J. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 2005, 309, 1036–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakagawa, Y.; Shaw, R. Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. Int. J. Mass. Emerg. Disasters 2004, 22, 5–34. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, N.B. A Meta-Analysis Study of Predictors of Disaster Victims’ Post-Traumatic Stress Response Based on Ecological Model. Ph.D. Thesis, Ewha Women’s University Graduate School, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, K.; Lee, K.H. A study on social support and school-life adjustment of middle school student. Korean J. Fam. Welfare 1997, 2, 145–165. [Google Scholar]
- Song, E. The effects of green commitment and social support on consumers’ environment-friendly practice actions. Consum. Policy Educ. Rev. 2020, 16, 65–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, E.H.; Futterman, A.M.; Gallagher-Thompson, D.; Rose, J.M.; Lovett, S.B. Social support and caregiving burden in family caregivers of frail elders. J. Gerontol. 1993, 48, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.W. A study on the Development of a Social Support Scale. Ph.D. Thesis, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, February 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Rho, B.; Mo, S.H. The effect of levels and dimensions of social support on geriatric depression. J. Korea Gerontol. Soc. 2007, 27, 53–69. [Google Scholar]
- Babcicky, P.; Seebauer, S. The two faces of social capital in private flood mitigation: Opposing effects on risk perception, self-efficacy and coping capacity. J. Risk. Res. 2017, 20, 1017–1037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prentice-Dunn, S.; Mcmath, B.F.; Cramer, R.J. Protection motivation theory and stages of change in sun protective behavior. J. Health Psychol. 2009, 14, 297–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fishbein, M.; Ajzen, I. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, USA, 1975. [Google Scholar]
- Duncan, T.E.; McAuley, E. Social support and efficacy cognitions in exercise adherence: A latent growth curve analysis. J. Behav. Med. 1993, 16, 199–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resnick, B.; Orwig, D.; Magaziner, J.; Wynne, C. The effect of social support on exercise behavior in older adults. Clin. Nurs. Res. 2002, 11, 52–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkman, L.F. The role of social relations in health promotion. J. Biobehav. Med. 1995, 57, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wind, T.R.; Fordham, M.; Komproe, I.H. Social capital and post-disaster mental health. Glob. Health Action 2011, 4, 6351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashirian, S.; Barati, M.; Shoar, L.M.; Mohammadi, Y.; Dogonchi, M. Factors affecting breast self-examination behavior among female healthcare workers in Iran: The role of social support theory. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2019, 52, 224–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoo, H.J.; Joo, S.H. Structural Equation analysis on consumers’ perceived food safety and food safety orientation behavior. Consum. Policy Educ. Rev. 2012, 8, 49–70. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, K.H.; Yoo, H.J.; Song, E. An analysis on the structural model for consumer trust-anxiety-competency by source of information-focused on chemical household products. Crisisonomy 2017, 13, 141–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.; Choi, J. Irrationality of risk judgment: Framing the size of risk casualties and its effects on optimistic bias. Korean J. Journal. Commun. Stud. 2014, 58, 40–63. [Google Scholar]
- Kwak, C.; Lee, Y.H. Media usages based on the characteristics of disasters, and social capital as an information delivery channel: Focusing on the effects on pre-preparedness behaviors against disasters. J. Commun. Sci. 2014, 14, 5–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neal, A.; Griffin, M.A. Safety climate and safety behaviour. Aust. J. Manag. 2002, 27, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, E. Development of the Consumers’ Risk Information Acceptance Models According to Risk Communication Type. Ph.D. Thesis, Chungbuk National University Graduate School, Cheongju-si, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Galea, S.; Merchant, R.M.; Lurie, N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Int. Med. 2020, 180, 817–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, G.D.; Ng, F.; Li, W.H.C. COVID-19: Emerging compassion, courage and resilience in the face of misinformation and adversity. J. Clin. Nurs. 2020, 29, 1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, M.; Yoo, M. Psychological and behavioral responses in South Korea during the early stages of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int. J. Environ. Public Health 2020, 17, 2977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cui, B.; Liao, Q.; Lam, W.W.T.; Liu, Z.P.; Fielding, R. Avian influenza A/H7N9 risk perception, information trust and adoption of protective behaviors among poultry farmers in Jiangsu Province, China. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tuma, J.N.; Smith, S.M.; Kirk, R.H.; Hagmann, C.E.; Zemel, R.C. Beliefs and attitudes of caregivers toward compliance with childhood immunisations in Cameroon. Public Health 2002, 116, 55–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, B.K.; Oh, H.J.; Shin, K.A.; Ko, J.Y. The effect of media campaign as a cue to action on influenza prevention behavior: Extending health belief model. Korean J. Advert. Public Relat. 2008, 10, 108–138. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, J.; Shim, J. Testing the links between health belief model, optimistic bias, and behavioral intention: The case study of foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow disease, and H1N1 flu. Korean J. Journal. Commun. Stud. 2013, 57, 111–137. [Google Scholar]
- Putnam, R.D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Levi, M.; Stoker, L. Political trust and trustworthiness. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2000, 3, 475–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poortinga, W.; Pidgeon, N.F. Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation. Risk. Anal. 2003, 23, 961–972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mehta, A.; Bruns, A.; Newton, J. Trust, but verify: Social media models for disaster management. Disasters 2017, 41, 549–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lui, B.F.; Mehta, A.M. From the periphery and toward a centralized model for trust in government risk and disaster communication. J. Risk. Res. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rickard, L.N.; McComas, K.A.; Clarke, C.E.; Stedman, R.C.; Decker, D.J. Exploring risk attenuation and crisis communication after a plague death in Grand Canyon. J. Risk. Res. 2013, 16, 145–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aldrich, D.P. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, S.M.; Kim, Y.J.; Kwon, J.H. (2013). Effects of cognitive and behavioral coping and social supports on post-traumatic growth: Depending on PTSD symptom severity. Cogn. Behav. Ther. Korea 2013, 13, 307–328. [Google Scholar]
- Jackson, Y.; Warren, J.S. Appraisal, social support, and life events: Predicting outcome behavior in school-age children. Child. Dev. 2000, 71, 1441–1457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prati, G.; Pietrantoni, L. Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. J. Loss. Trauma. 2009, 14, 364–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Freitag, M.; Traunmuller, R. Spheres of trust: An empirical analysis of the foundations of particularised and generalised trust. Eur. J. Polit. Res. 2009, 48, 782–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uslaner, E.M. Trust and the economic crisis of 2008. Corp. Reput. Rev. 2008, 13, 110–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, C.R. Mediating effects of economic strain and social trust, and moderating effects of socio-demographic characteristics on the relationships between family economic hardships and couples life satisfaction. Korean J. Hum. Ecol. 2018, 27, 349–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibov, N.; Afandi, E. Pre- and post-crisis life-satisfaction and social trust in transitional countries: An initial assessment. Soc. Indic. Res. 2015, 121, 503–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, G.S. Social capital and quality of life. J. Asiat. Stud. 2002, 45, 109–139. [Google Scholar]
- Floyd, D.L.; Prentice-Dunn, S.; Rogers, R.W. A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2000, 30, 407–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tobbin, P. Adoption of mobile money transfer technology: Structural equation modeling approach. Eur. J. Bus. Manag. 2011, 3, 59–77. [Google Scholar]
- Joreskog, K.G.; Sorbom, D. Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modelling with the SIMPLIS Command Language; Scientific Software International: Chicago, IL, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Balong, A. Acceptance of e-learning systems: A serial multiple meditation analysis. Stud. Inform. Control 2015, 24, 101–110. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, J.; Lan, Y.C.; Chang, Y.W.; Chang, P.Y. 2019. Exploring doctors’ willingness to provide online counseling services: The roles of motivations and costs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019, 17, 110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harish Sujan, B.A.; Weitz, N.K. Learning orientation, working smart, and effective selling. J. Mark. 1994, 58, 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, J.P. Professor Woo Jong-pil’s Concept and Understanding of the Structural Equation Model; Han Narae: Seoul, Korea, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, H.S.; Lim, J.H. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS 6.0; Bobmunsa Publisher: Paju, Korea, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunnally, J.C. Psychom. Theory; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, H.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Wang, W.; Yang, Y.; Yao, X.; Yang, N.; Li, S. Association between perceived HIV stigma, social support, resilience, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing, China. Psychol. Sociomed. Aspects AIDS/HIV 2019, 31, 1069–1976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labrague, L.J.; De los Santos, J.A.A. COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organizational support, personal resilience and social support. J. Nurs. Manag. 2020, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuipers, S. Editorial: Sanity and resilience in times of Corona. Risk. Hazards Crisis Public Policy 2020, 11, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roque, A.D.; Pijawka, D.; Wutich, A. The role of social capital in resiliency: Disaster recovery in Puerto Rico. Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy 2020, 11, 204–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roger, R.W. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. J. Psychol. 1975, 91, 93–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | No | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 321 | 51.8 |
Female | 299 | 48.2 |
Age group | M = 44.67 | SD = 13.34 |
20–29 | 112 | 18.1 |
30–39 | 109 | 17.6 |
40–49 | 133 | 21.5 |
50–59 | 146 | 23.5 |
≥60 | 120 | 19.4 |
Education level | ||
High school or lower | 124 | 20.0 |
Vocational school | 100 | 16.1 |
Bachelor’s degree | 343 | 55.3 |
Master’s degree and above | 53 | 8.5 |
Monthly household income * | M = 477.96 | SD = 317.36 |
Under 200 | 51 | 8.2 |
200–399 | 201 | 32.4 |
400–599 | 182 | 29.4 |
600–799 | 102 | 16.5 |
≥800 | 84 | 13.5 |
Area of residence | ||
Metropolitan area | 297 | 47.9 |
Gyeongsang region | 155 | 25.0 |
Jeolla-Jeju region | 80 | 12.9 |
Gangwon-Chungchung region | 88 | 14.2 |
Occupation | ||
Full-time employee | 306 | 49.4 |
Part-time employee | 34 | 5.5 |
Self-employed | 72 | 11.6 |
Housewife | 86 | 13.9 |
Student | 44 | 7.1 |
Unemployed or other | 78 | 12.6 |
Construct 1: Public Support (PS) |
PS1: My society provides me with infection-prevention products needed to overcome COVID-19. |
PS2: My society provides me with information about infection prevention needed to overcome COVID-19. |
PS3: My society provides me with emotional support (encouragement) to overcome COVID-19. |
Construct 2: Individual support (IS) |
IS1: People around me provide me with infection-prevention products needed to overcome COVID-19. |
IS2: People around me provide me with information about infection prevention needed to overcome COVID-19. |
IS3: People around me provide me with emotional support (encouragement) to overcome COVID-19. |
Construct 3: Response efficacy (RE) |
RE1: I know well how to protect my health from COVID-19. |
RE2: I can control myself well to do things to protect my health from COVID-19. |
RE3: I am willing to try to do things to protect myself from COVID-19. |
Construct 4: Sanitation activity (SA) |
SA1: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I always wear a mask when I leave my house to run errands. |
SA2: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I wash my hands frequently. |
SA3: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I cover my mouth and nose with my sleeve when I cough. |
Construct 5: Distancing activity (DA) |
DA1: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I refrain from outside activities and stay indoors. |
DA2: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I practice physical distancing. |
Construct 6: Infection-prevention product purchasing activity (PA) |
BA1: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I bought facial masks. |
BA2: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I bought antimicrobial and disinfecting products. |
BA3: To prevent COVID-19 infection, I bought antimicrobial soap. |
Construct 7: Social trust (ST) |
ST1: I trust my government to strive to overcome COVID-19. |
ST2: I trust our people to strive to overcome COVID-19. |
ST3: I trust people around me to strive to overcome COVID-19. |
Construct | Measures | Standardized Estimate | Cronbach’s α | CR | AVE | Interconstruct Correlations | Mean (SD) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | IS | RE | SA | DA | BA | ST | |||||||
PS | PS1 | 0.787 | 0.808 | 0.850 | 0.654 | 0.809 | 3.642 (0.790) | ||||||
PS2 | 0.791 | ||||||||||||
PS3 | 0.864 | ||||||||||||
IS | IS1 | 0.761 | 0.877 | 0.889 | 0.728 | 0.693 | 0.853 | 3.528 (0.849) | |||||
IS2 | 0.876 | ||||||||||||
IS3 | 0.898 | ||||||||||||
RE | RE1 | 0.833 | 0.906 | 0.945 | 0.852 | 0.346 | 0.301 | 0.923 | 4.058 (0.685) | ||||
RE2 | 0.887 | ||||||||||||
RE3 | 0.898 | ||||||||||||
SA | SA1 | 0.855 | 0.833 | 0.930 | 0.827 | 0.279 | 0.169 | 0.639 | 0.909 | 4.215 (0.714) | |||
SA2 | 0.841 | ||||||||||||
SA3 | 0.829 | ||||||||||||
DA | DA1 | 0.905 | 0.801 | 0.869 | 0.770 | 0.168 | 0.265 | 0.205 | 0.394 | 0.877 | 4.090 (0.715) | ||
DA2 | 0.740 | ||||||||||||
PA | BA1 | 0.733 | 0.802 | 0.793 | 0.562 | 0.213 | 0.187 | 0.649 | 0.726 | 0.339 | 0.750 | 3.776 (0.887) | |
BA2 | 0.865 | ||||||||||||
BA3 | 0.857 | ||||||||||||
ST | ST1 | 0.751 | 0.846 | 0.881 | 0.712 | 0.407 | 0.250 | 0.713 | 0.557 | 0.161 | 0.498 | 0.844 | 4.101 (0.761) |
ST2 | 0.885 | ||||||||||||
ST3 | 0.786 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Song, E.; Yoo, H.J. Impact of Social Support and Social Trust on Public Viral Risk Response: A COVID-19 Survey Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186589
Song E, Yoo HJ. Impact of Social Support and Social Trust on Public Viral Risk Response: A COVID-19 Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186589
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Eugene, and Hyun Jung Yoo. 2020. "Impact of Social Support and Social Trust on Public Viral Risk Response: A COVID-19 Survey Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186589