Physical Activity Trajectories among Persons of Turkish Descent Living in Germany—A Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Recruitment
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Socio-Demographics
2.2.3. Migration-Related Factors
2.2.4. Health Behavior and Diseases
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Sample and PA Trajectories
3.2. PA Trajectories among Participants and Non-Participants
3.3. Predictors of PA Trajectories
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Study Findings and Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Activity Trajectories | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Total n = 197 | Inactive n = 52 (23.7%) | Decreasing n = 24 (12.2%) | Increasing n = 83 (42.1%) | Stable Active n = 38 (19.3%) | p-Value 1 (Baseline; Follow-up) | |||||
baseline | follow-up | baseline | follow-up | baseline | follow-up | baseline | follow-up | baseline | follow-up | ||
% or mean ± SD | |||||||||||
Time-stable (assessed only at baseline) | |||||||||||
Sex | 0.275 | ||||||||||
Male | 39.1 | 48.1 | 25.0 | 37.3 | 39.5 | ||||||
Female | 60.9 | 51.9 | 75.0 | 62.7 | 60.5 | ||||||
Education | 0.185 | ||||||||||
<10 years | 36.5 | 36.5 | 41.7 | 37.3 | 31.6 | ||||||
10–12 years | 37.6 | 42.3 | 29.2 | 41.0 | 28.9 | ||||||
>12 years | 20.3 | 13.5 | 16.7 | 18.1 | 36.8 | ||||||
Missing | 5.6 | 7.7 | 12.5 | 3.6 | 2.6 | ||||||
Migration generation | 0.280 | ||||||||||
1st generation | 77.7 | 81.6 | 62.5 | 78.5 | 80.6 | ||||||
2nd generation | 22.3 | 18.4 | 37.5 | 21.5 | 19.4 | ||||||
Citizenship | 0.034 | ||||||||||
Turkish | 50.5 | 50.0 | 41.7 | 61.3 | 33.3 | ||||||
German or dual | 49.5 | 50.0 | 58.3 | 38.7 | 66.7 | ||||||
Preferred language of questionnaire | 0.007 | ||||||||||
Turkish | 48.7 | 59.6 | 33.3 | 55.4 | 28.9 | ||||||
German | 49.5 | 40.4 | 66.7 | 44.6 | 71.1 | ||||||
Married | 0.032 | ||||||||||
yes | 73.4 | 86.3 | 58.3 | 74.1 | 63.9 | ||||||
no | 26.6 | 13.7 | 41.7 | 25.9 | 36.1 | ||||||
Time varying (assessed at baseline and follow-up) | |||||||||||
Age in years | 43.7 ± 12.8 | 49.9 ± 12.8 | 45.0 ± 12.9 | 51.2 ± 12.9 | 44.1 ± 12.6 | 50.2 ± 12.5 | 43.3 ± 12.5 | 49.6 ± 12.4 | 42.5 ± 13.9 | 48.6 ± 14.0 | b: 0.810; f: 0.815 |
Household net income | b: 0.513; f: 0.479 | ||||||||||
EUR ≤ 1500 | 29.4 | 32.6 | 34.6 | 29.4 | 37.5 | 45.8 | 26.5 | 31.7 | 23.7 | 30.6 | |
EUR > 1500 | 51.3 | 57.0 | 44.2 | 54.9 | 54.2 | 41.7 | 50.6 | 59.8 | 60.5 | 63.9 | |
missing | 19.3 | 10.4 | 21.2 | 15.7 | 8.3 | 12.5 | 22.9 | 8.5 | 15.8 | 5.6 | |
BMI 2 | b: 0.334; f: 0.445 | ||||||||||
Normal weight (18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2) | 26.0 | 21.8 | 21.2 | 16.3 | 20.8 | 16.7 | 24.4 | 20.8 | 39.5 | 34.2 | |
Overweight (25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2) | 34.7 | 38.8 | 44.2 | 46.9 | 37.5 | 41.7 | 31.7 | 36.4 | 26.3 | 31.6 | |
Obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 39.3 | 39.4 | 34.6 | 36.7 | 41.7 | 41.7 | 43.9 | 42.9 | 34.2 | 34.2 | |
Smoking behavior | b: 0.877; f: 0.882 | ||||||||||
Smoker | 34.2 | 32.1 | 28.8 | 36.5 | 37.5 | 45.8 | 37.8 | 42.7 | 31.6 | 47.4 | |
Ex-smoker | 28.6 | 23.5 | 34.6 | 19.2 | 20.8 | 25.0 | 26.8 | 23.2 | 28.9 | 28.9 | |
Never-smoker | 37.2 | 44.4 | 36.5 | 44.2 | 41.7 | 29.2 | 35.4 | 34.1 | 39.5 | 23.7 | |
Physical activity (PA) | |||||||||||
PA minutes per week | 51 ± 94 | 98 ± 118 | 0 | 0 | 171 ± 133 | 33 ± 48 | 25 ± 57 | 179 ± 121 | 99 ± 105 | 98 ± 94 | b:<0.001; f:<0.001 |
Active days per week | 1.3 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | b:<0.001; f:<0.001 |
Chronic diseases 3 | |||||||||||
Hypertension | 25.6 | +20.3 | 22.7 | +26.9 | 30.4 | +37.5 | 28.0 | +15.7 | 20.6 | +10.5 | b: 0.765; f: 0.027 |
Diabetes | 13.5 | +9.6 | 18.6 | +7.7 | 13.6 | +12.5 | 9.3 | +12.0 | 16.1 | +5.3 | b: 0.519; f: 0.606 |
Dyslipidemia | 24.7 | +17.8 | 35.6 | +25.0 | 9.1 | 16.7 | 22.7 | +14.5 | 25.0 | +15.8 | b: 0.117; f: 0.456 |
Baseline Variables | n | Univariable | p | Multivariable | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (per year) | 197 | 0.99 [0.96; 1.02] | 0.516 | 1.03 [0.97; 1.10] | 0.333 |
Sex | 197 | ||||
Male vs. female | 1.02 [0.49; 2.11] | 0.957 | 0.87 [0.32; 2.39] | 0.793 | |
Education | 197 | ||||
<10 years | Ref. | Ref. | |||
10–12 years | 0.87 [0.36; 2.13] | 0.765 | 0.76 [0.22; 2.63] | 0.670 | |
>12 years | 2.69 [1.10; 6.61] | 0.031 | 4.20 [1.10; 16.00] | 0.036 | |
missing | 0.50 [0.06; 4.28] | 0.527 | n too small | ||
Household net income | 197 | ||||
EUR ≤ 1500 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
EUR > 1500 | 1.61 [0.69; 3.75] | 0.275 | 1.35 [0.38; 4.76] | 0.639 | |
missing | 1.02 [0.33; 3.14] | 0.971 | 1.42 [0.26; 7.86] | 0.689 | |
Migration generation | 188 | ||||
2nd vs. 1st generation | 0.81 [0.33; 2.00] | 0.643 | 0.24 [0.06; 1.05] | 0.059 | |
Citizenship | 190 | ||||
German or dual vs. Turkish | 2.4 [1.12; 5.14] | 0.024 | 3.60 [1.20; 10.86] | 0.023 | |
Language of questionnaire | 197 | ||||
German vs. Turkish | 2.82 [1.31; 6.07] | 0.008 | 3.35 [1.05; 10.66] | 0.041 | |
Marital status | 192 | ||||
Married (no vs. yes) | 1.76 [0.81; 3.80] | 0.153 | 1.50 [0.48; 4.76] | 0.487 | |
Smoking behavior | 196 | ||||
Smoker | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Ex-smoker | 1.12 [0.45; 2.78] | 0.806 | 2.27 [0.61; 8.44] | 0.220 | |
Never-smoker | 1.19 [0.51; 2.76] | 0.693 | 1.75 [0.55; 5.57] | 0.345 | |
BMI 1 | 196 | ||||
Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Overweight | 0.41 [0.17; 1.02] | 0.055 | 0.28 [0.08; 0.99] | 0.047 | |
Obesity | 0.49 [0.21; 1.14] | 0.097 | 0.29 [0.08; 1.08] | 0.066 | |
Chronic diseases 2 | |||||
Baseline diagnosis of hypertension (yes vs. no) | 176 | 0.71 [0.29; 1.76] | 0.460 | 0.49 [0.09; 2.57] | 0.400 |
Baseline diagnosis of diabetes (yes vs. no) | 171 | 1.30 [0.44; 3.83] | 0.630 | 1.55 [0.31; 7.70] | 0.592 |
Baseline diagnosis of dyslipidemia (yes vs. no) | 174 | 1.02 [0.42; 2.47] | 0.967 | 1.11 [0.25; 5.00] | 0.895 |
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Krist, L.; Dornquast, C.; Reinhold, T.; Becher, H.; Icke, K.; Danquah, I.; Willich, S.N.; Keil, T. Physical Activity Trajectories among Persons of Turkish Descent Living in Germany—A Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176349
Krist L, Dornquast C, Reinhold T, Becher H, Icke K, Danquah I, Willich SN, Keil T. Physical Activity Trajectories among Persons of Turkish Descent Living in Germany—A Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176349
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrist, Lilian, Christina Dornquast, Thomas Reinhold, Heiko Becher, Katja Icke, Ina Danquah, Stefan N. Willich, and Thomas Keil. 2020. "Physical Activity Trajectories among Persons of Turkish Descent Living in Germany—A Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176349