Associations of Green Spaces and Streets in the Living Environment with Outdoor Activity, Media Use, Overweight/Obesity and Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Exposure Variables
2.3. Outcome Variables
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population and Living Environment
3.2. Associations between Parameters of the Environment and Leisure Activities and Health
3.3. Differences in Strengths of Associations Depending on SES or Gender
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Main Findings
4.2. Associations between the Proportion of Streets and Leisure Behavior and Health
4.3. Associations between Green Spaces and Leisure Behavior and Health
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Younger Children (3–10) | Older Children (10–19) | |
---|---|---|
Demographics | ||
n | 389 | 403 a |
Male (n, %) | 213 (55%) | 216 (54%) |
Female (n, %) | 176 (45%) | 187 (46%) |
Age (mean, sd) | 7.54 (1.90) | 13.50 (2.51) |
SES score (mean, sd) | 16.13 (3.08) | 15.45 (3.18) |
Low SES (n, %) b | 6 (2%) | 8 (2%) |
Middle SES (n, %) b | 189 (49%) | 223 (55%) |
High SES (n, %) b | 194 (49%) | 172 (43%) |
Local SBR rate (mean, sd) | 10.56 (6.77) | 11.20 (7.92) |
Percentage green spaces | ||
Within 50 m of home (mean, sd) | 39.34 (15.68) | 43.48 (15.38) |
Within 100 m of home (mean, sd) | 43.09 (14.95) | 46.97 (15.31) |
Within 400 m of home (mean, sd) | 46.43 (13.94) | 50.27 (15.00) |
Percentage streets | ||
Within 50 m of home (mean, sd) | 9.58 (4.73) | 8.94 (4.52) |
Within 100 m of home (mean, sd) | 8.64 (3.65) | 8.35 (3.40) |
Within 400 m of home (mean, sd) | 8.59 (2.74) | 8.19 (2.88) |
Outdoor activity | ||
Summer | ||
Low/normal (n, %) | 127 (33%) | 188 (47%) |
High (n, %) | 262 (67%) | 215 (53%) |
Winter | ||
Low/normal (n, %) | 247 (63%) | 285 (71%) |
High (n, %) | 142 (37%) | 118 (29%) |
Media use | ||
Total media use (in h (mean, sd)) | 1.69 (1.53) | 5.73 (3.89) |
Low/normal (n, %) | 202 (52%) | 209 (52%) |
High (n, %) | 187 (48%) | 194 (48%) |
BMI/overweight/obesity | ||
BMI (mean, sd) | −0.06 (0.97) | 0.23 (1.20) |
Normal weight (n, %) | 349 (90%) | 326 (81%) |
Overweight/obesity (n, %) | 40 (10%) | 77 (19%) |
Emotional problems a | ||
SDQ score (mean, sd) | 1.63 (1.73) | 2.28 (2.10) |
Low/normal (n, %) | 332 (85%) | 269 (84%) |
Borderline/abnormal (n, %) | 57 (15%) | 50 (16%) |
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Poulain, T.; Sobek, C.; Ludwig, J.; Igel, U.; Grande, G.; Ott, V.; Kiess, W.; Körner, A.; Vogel, M. Associations of Green Spaces and Streets in the Living Environment with Outdoor Activity, Media Use, Overweight/Obesity and Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176321
Poulain T, Sobek C, Ludwig J, Igel U, Grande G, Ott V, Kiess W, Körner A, Vogel M. Associations of Green Spaces and Streets in the Living Environment with Outdoor Activity, Media Use, Overweight/Obesity and Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176321
Chicago/Turabian StylePoulain, Tanja, Carolin Sobek, Juliane Ludwig, Ulrike Igel, Gesine Grande, Verena Ott, Wieland Kiess, Antje Körner, and Mandy Vogel. 2020. "Associations of Green Spaces and Streets in the Living Environment with Outdoor Activity, Media Use, Overweight/Obesity and Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176321