The Association between Longest-Held Lifetime Occupation and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2016)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Longest-Held Job in a Lifetime
2.3. Cognitive Impairment
2.4. Other Variables of Interests
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male | Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue-Collar | Pink-Collar | White-Collar | p-Value | Blue-Collar | Pink-Collar | White-Collar | p-Value | |
n = 473 (64.27%) | n = 75 (10.19%) | n = 188 (25.54%) | n = 743 (74.52%) | n = 200 (20.06%) | n = 54 (5.42%) | |||
Age | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | 70.23 (4.33) | 69.41 (4.56) | 70.92 (4.51) | 0.0325 | 71.16 (4.98) | 70.64 (5.09) | 69.04 (3.37) | 0.0059 |
Marital Status | ||||||||
Married | 442 (93.45) | 66 (88) | 178 (94.68) | 0.2898 | 376 (50.61) | 98 (49) | 34 (62.96) | 0.3743 |
Divorced/Widowed | 30 (6.34) | 9 (12) | 10 (5.32) | 364 (48.99) | 102 (51) | 20 (37.04) | ||
Never Married | 1 (0.21) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Education | ||||||||
Elementary or Less | 306 (64.69) | 28 (37.33) | 23 (12.23) | <0.0001 | 703 (94.62) | 166 (83) | 12 (22.22) | <0.0001 |
Middle/High School | 160 (33.83) | 42 (56) | 95 (50.53) | 40 (5.38) | 32 (16) | 36 (66.67) | ||
College or Higher | 7 (1.48) | 5 (6.67) | 70 (37.23) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 6 (11.11) | ||
Income (Yearly, 10,000 KRW) * | ||||||||
<1000 | 304 (64.27) | 43 (57.33) | 103 (54.79) | 0.051 | 519 (69.85) | 138 (69) | 34 (62.96) | 0.7943 |
1000–2500 | 117 (24.74) | 26 (34.67) | 54 (28.72) | 159 (21.4) | 41 (20.5) | 14 (25.93) | ||
>2500 | 52 (10.99) | 6 (8) | 31 (16.49) | 65 (8.75) | 21 (10.5) | 6 (11.11) | ||
Cigarette Smoking | ||||||||
Never Smoker | 206 (43.55) | 33 (44) | 87 (46.28) | 0.0003 | 716 (96.37) | 190 (95) | 53 (98.15) | 0.8463 |
Former Smoker | 108 (22.83) | 19 (25.33) | 68 (36.17) | 6 (0.81) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | ||
Current Smoker | 159 (33.62) | 23 (30.67) | 33 (17.55) | 21 (2.83) | 8 (4) | 1 (1.85) | ||
Alcohol Drinking | ||||||||
Current Drinker | 275 (58.14) | 42 (56) | 105 (55.85) | 0.8625 | 91 (12.25) | 27 (13.5) | 5 (9.26) | 0.0371 |
Former Drinker | 70 (14.8) | 9 (12) | 30 (15.96) | 20 (2.69) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.56) | ||
Nondrinker | 128 (27.06) | 24 (32) | 53 (28.19) | 632 (85.06) | 173 (86.5) | 46 (85.19) | ||
Physical Activity | ||||||||
Yes | 152 (32.14) | 33 (44) | 138 (73.4) | <0.0001 | 158 (21.27) | 74 (37) | 29 (53.7) | <0.0001 |
No | 321 (67.86) | 42 (56) | 50 (26.6) | 585 (78.73) | 126 (63) | 25 (46.3) | ||
Muscle Strength ** | ||||||||
Low | 226 (47.78) | 29 (38.67) | 68 (36.17) | 0.0159 | 363 (48.86) | 80 (40) | 18 (33.33) | 0.0123 |
High | 247 (52.22) | 46 (61.33) | 120 (63.83) | 380 (51.14) | 120 (60) | 36 (66.67) | ||
Chronic Disease | ||||||||
Yes | 105 (22.2) | 13 (17.33) | 40 (21.28) | 0.633 | 169 (22.75) | 54 (27) | 9 (16.67) | 0.2241 |
No | 368 (77.8) | 62 (82.67) | 148 (78.72) | 574 (77.25) | 146 (73) | 45 (83.33) | ||
Living Alone | ||||||||
Yes | 311 (65.75) | 50 (66.67) | 118 (62.77) | 0.7336 | 453 (60.97) | 105 (52.5) | 38 (70.37) | 0.0252 |
No | 162 (34.25) | 25 (33.33) | 70 (37.23) | 290 (39.03) | 95 (47.5) | 16 (29.63) | ||
Well-Being | ||||||||
Yes | 382 (80.76) | 63 (84) | 174 (92.55) | 0.0009 | 564 (75.91) | 152 (76) | 45 (83.33) | 0.4605 |
No | 91 (19.24) | 12 (16) | 14 (7.45) | 179 (24.09) | 48 (24) | 9 (16.67) | ||
Work Duration † | ||||||||
Low | 168 (35.52) | 66 (88) | 146 (77.66) | <0.0001 | 305 (41.05) | 160 (80) | 40 (74.07) | <0.0001 |
High | 305 (64.48) | 9 (12) | 42 (22.34) | 438 (58.95) | 40 (20) | 14 (25.93) | ||
Time Spent after Retirement ‡ | ||||||||
Low | 286 (60.47) | 47 (62.67) | 48 (25.53) | <0.0001 | 399 (53.7) | 93 (46.5) | 24 (44.44) | 0.1057 |
High | 187 (39.53) | 28 (37.33) | 140 (74.47) | 344 (46.3) | 107 (53.5) | 30 (55.56) | ||
K-MMSE Score | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | 24.90 | 26.43 | 26.53 | <0.0001 | 21.10 | 23.15 | 26.13 | <0.0001 |
2006 | 2012 | 2016 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Model | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
White-Collar Job | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Blue-Collar Job | 3.34 | (2.04–5.48) | 2.02 | (1.36–3.00) | 2.16 | (1.49–3.12) |
Pink-Collar Job | 0.95 | (0.40–2.25) | 1.1 | (0.58–2.09) | 1.46 | (0.82–2.60) |
Adjusted Model † | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
White-Collar Job | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Blue-Collar Job | 1.69 | (0.88–3.24) | 1.13 | (0.65–1.95) | 1.34 | (0.80–2.26) |
Pink-Collar Job | 0.68 | (0.26–1.80) | 0.94 | (0.44–2.00) | 1.24 | (0.62–2.48) |
2006 | 2012 | 2016 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Model | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
White-Collar Job | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Blue-Collar Job | 8.13 | (3.91–16.88) | 3.56 | (1.99–6.38) | 4.82 | (2.66–8.73) |
Pink-Collar Job | 4.35 | (2.02–9.36) | 1.86 | (1.00–3.48) | 3.11 | (1.64–5.89) |
Adjusted model † | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
White-Collar Job | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Blue-Collar Job | 2.49 | (1.05–5.88) | 1.57 | (0.74–3.31) | 2.17 | (1.02–4.65) |
Pink-Collar Job | 1.96 | (0.81–4.78) | 0.93 | (0.43–2.02) | 1.89 | (0.86–4.16) |
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Kim, H.-J.; Min, J.-Y.; Min, K.-B. The Association between Longest-Held Lifetime Occupation and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2016). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176270
Kim H-J, Min J-Y, Min K-B. The Association between Longest-Held Lifetime Occupation and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2016). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176270
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hye-Jin, Jin-Young Min, and Kyoung-Bok Min. 2020. "The Association between Longest-Held Lifetime Occupation and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2016)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176270