Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Hospital Setting
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratory Methods
2.3.1. Microbiological Analysis
2.3.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3.3. Corrective Actions
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Pipework | Samples Number | Legionella spp. Positives | Physical-Chemical Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Total (%) a | Geometric Mean cfu/L (Range) | Monochloramine Mean ± SD mg/L | T (°C) Mean ± SD | pH Mean ± SD | ||
A | 172 | 4/172 (2.3) | 1.3 × 102 (25–2.9 × 103) | 2.84 ±1.18 | 45.3 ± 4.5 b | 7.4 ± 0.3 |
B | 136 | 6/136 (4.4) | 7.2 × 10 (25–3.0 × 102) | 2.98 ± 1.10 | 39.1 ± 6.6 | 7.5 ± 0.4 |
C | 121 | 1/121 (0.8) | 2.5 × 103 | 2.82 ± 0.95 | 40.9 ± 5.0 | 7.4 ± 0.2 |
E | 121 | 11/121 (9.1) | 2.9 × 102 (25–3.2 × 103) | 2.93 ± 0.90 | 40.7 ± 8.1 | 7.5 ± 0.2 |
Total | 550 | 22/550 (4.0) | 1.9 × 102 (25–3.2 × 103) | 2.89 ± 1.05 | 41.8 ± 6.6 | 7.4 ± 0.3 |
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Marchesi, I.; Paduano, S.; Frezza, G.; Sircana, L.; Vecchi, E.; Zuccarello, P.; Oliveri Conti, G.; Ferrante, M.; Borella, P.; Bargellini, A. Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176116
Marchesi I, Paduano S, Frezza G, Sircana L, Vecchi E, Zuccarello P, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Borella P, Bargellini A. Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176116
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarchesi, Isabella, Stefania Paduano, Giuseppina Frezza, Luca Sircana, Elena Vecchi, Pietro Zuccarello, Gea Oliveri Conti, Margherita Ferrante, Paola Borella, and Annalisa Bargellini. 2020. "Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176116